Fact Sheet: A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions using Ecosystem-Based Management Values

Whale

In the context of land-based and offshore wind energy development, Risk-Based Management (RBM) examines the potential negative effects on birds, bats, terrestrial wildlife, marine mammals, other marine organisms and the habitats or migratory pathways that support them. RBM has the potential to ensure that wildlife protection measures are focused on the factors that pose the highest risks, while maximizing the production of energy.

The risk-based approach that most closely addresses aspects of the complex ecosystems that make up the landscapes/seascapes of wind energy development is Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). EBM includes effects of human activities as well as environmental and ecological factors, using approaches that embrace holistic methods to include human needs and effects in an integrated view for managing resources sustainably.

The Risk-Based Management Fact Sheet was created to provide a broad summary of the IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Improving the evidence base for coexistence between offshore renewables and commercial fishing Harding, J., Boblin, E., Coyle, A., Andrews, J., Fisk, V., Page, A., Cooper, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement
Underwater Noise in Offshore Wind Farms: Monitoring Technologies, Acoustic Characteristics, and Long-Term Adaptive Management Zhu, P., Hu, Z., Li, H., Dai, M., Chen, J., Hu, Z., Xu, X. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
A global decision framework for reducing bat fatalities at wind energy facilities Frick, W., Whitby, M., Wilson, D., MacEwan, K., Hulka, S., Akre, K., O'Mara, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Cumulative impacts of offshore wind and commercial vessels on harbour porpoise populations in Danish waters Gallagher, C., Frankish, C., Teilmann, J., Cordier, A., Weller, F., Nabe-Nielsen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessment of seabird vulnerability to offshore wind farms in China Cheng, C., Yao, W., He, Y., Shi, J., Song, M., Wang, Y., Jiang, C., Liu, B., Zhao, L., Ren, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
Balancing wind energy expansion and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: A trait-based assessment of vulnerability to floating offshore wind farms for commercially important species Wawrzynkowski, P., Sabatés, A., Lloret, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals, EMF, Entanglement, Lighting, Noise Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Projected changes to the extent and seasonality of seabird habitat in the California current and implications for marine spatial planning Gasbarro, R., Ainley, D., Andrews, K., Ballance, L., Blondin, H,, Bograd, S., Brodie, S., Cimino, M., Clay, T., Ellis, A., Evenson, J., Field, J., Hazen, E., Jacox, M., Jahncke, J., Joyce, T., Leirness, J., Lipski, D., Muhling, B., Lezama-Ochoa, M., Pozo Buil, N., Schonfeld, A., Warlick, A., Welch, H., Zamon, J., Zilliacus, K., Santora, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Robust real-time detection of right whale upcalls using neural networks on the edge Hyer, M., Anderson, A., Mann, D., Mooney, T., Aoki, N., Jensen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Population-level impacts of wind energy for two fruit bat species in South Africa Aronson, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Terrestrial Mammals
ORJIP Closing the Loop: Recommendations and roadmap (D05) Jones, E., Hague, A., Booth, C., Skeate, E., Perrow, M., Searle, K., Scott-Hayward, L., Couto, A., Daunt, F., Miller, S., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., Hull, S., Sparling, C., Hastie, G., Delacombe, K., Butler, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Frequently Asked Questions: Offshore Wind and Whales Whale Communications Committee Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Underwater Noise Conflict Resolution: Framework Report Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation Hengstmann, E., Corella, P., Alter, K., Belzunce-Segarra, M., Booth, A., Castro-Jimenéz, J., Czerner, N., De Cauwer, K., Deviller, G., Gomiero, A., Goseberg, N., Hasenbein, S., Kirchgeorg, T., Mason, C., Pape, W., Parmentier, K., Plaß, A., Pröfrock, D., Sarhadi, A., Vanavermaete, D., van der Molen, J., Vinagre, P., Wood, D., Weinberg, I., Windt, C., Zonderman, A., Kenyon, J., De Witte, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Predicting risk to bat species from wind turbine collision in Southeast Asia Crane, M., Silvia, I., Grainger, M., Gale, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Frameworks and best practices for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development Kuempel, C., Stockbridge, J., O'neil, T., Griffiths, L., Frid, C., Brown, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data
Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales Indeck, K., Baumgartner, M., Lecavalier, L., Whoriskey, F., Durette-Morin, D., Pettigrew, N., McSweeney, J., Thorne, L., Gallagher, K., Edwards, C., Meyer-Gutbrod, E., Davies, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Evaluating Tools and Technologies for Monitoring Baleen Whales During Offshore Wind Foundation Installation Szesciorka, A., Severy, M., Ampela, K., Hein, C., Richlen, M., Haxel, J., Clerc, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Propuesta de lineamientos para el monitoreo, evaluación, prevención y mitigación de los impactos de los parques eólicos sobre la quiropterofauna en México Uribe Rivera, M. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Spatial compatibility between emerging marine economies and existing uses in the exclusive economic zone of southern Brazil Medeiros, J., Weiss, C., Scherer, M., Gandra, T., Bonetti, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Harbour porpoise responses to the installation of XXL monopiles without noise abatement; implications for noise management in the Southern North Sea Benhemma-Le Gall, A., Hastie, G., Brown, A., Booth, C., Graham, I.M., Fernandez-Betelu, O., Iorio-Merlo, V., Bashford, R., Swanson, H., Cheney, B.J., Abad Oliva, N., Thompson, P.M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats Special Initiative on Offshore Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds
The effect of offshore wind farms on the variation of the phytoplankton population Kordan, M., Yakan, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Supplemental North Atlantic Right Whale Monitoring and Mitigation Plan for Pile Driving SouthCoast Wind Energy LLC Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Mitigation measures for preventing collision of birds with wind turbines Garcia-Rosa, P., Tande, J. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Recommendations for Evaluating the Use of Existing Baseline Observational Survey Data for Birds in Offshore Wind Site Characterization Processes for the U.S. Atlantic Avian Displacement Guidance Committee Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds
A management-focused population viability analysis for North Atlantic right whales Runge, M., Linden, D., Hostetler, J., Borggaard, D., Garrison, L., Knowlton, A., Lesage, V., Williams, R., Pace, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Amended Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Sunrise Wind Farm and Sunrise Wind Export Cable – Development and Operation on Federally Listed Species within the Jurisdiction of the Long Island Field Office, New York. Papa, S., Spiller, K., Kaforski, R., Philips-Hagedorn, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Consideration of avoidance behaviour of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in collision risk modelling for offshore wind farm impact assessments (NECR512) Pavat, D., Harker, A., Humphries, G., Keogan, K., Webb, A., Macleod, K. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, H., Lin, L., Yang, H., Jin, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Vulnerability Index to Scale Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Off the U.S. West Coast (VIMMS) Southall, B., Mazurek, R., Eriksen, R. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Co-designing a multi-criteria approach to ranking hazards to and from Australia’s emerging offshore blue economy Turschwell, M. P., Brown, C., Lacharite, M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Hayes, K., Bustamante, R., Dambacher, J., Evans, K., Fidelman, P., MacDonald, D. H., Putten, I. V., Wood, G., Abdussamie, N., Bates, M., Blackwell, D., D'Alessandro, S., Dutton, I., Ericson, J., Frid, C., McDougall, C., Fulton, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Mintz, J., Nygård, T., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Beacon Wind Project: Beacon Wind 1 and Beacon Wind 2 Construction and Operations Plan AECOM Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species Schwemmer, P., Pederson, R., Haecker, K., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Mercker, M., Jiguet, F., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Technology Gaps for Bird Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Development Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A., Campoblanco, F., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Geo-Data Engagement – A Systems Thinking Approach to Advancing Offshore Wind Farm Development in the US Rovang, K., Hargrave, D., Pallestrant, J., Earl, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions
HABITAT USE AND INDIVIDUAL-BASED MODELING OF BALD EAGLES IN MAINE NEAR CURRENT AND POTENTIAL WIND ENERGY FACILITIES Massey, B. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
U.S. Pacific Coast Workshop Report on Preconstruction Research Recommendations Green, R., Severy, M., Hein, C., Farr, H., Oteri, F. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Evaluation of a coastal acoustic buoy for cetacean detections, bearing accuracy and exclusion zone monitoring Palmer, K. , Tabbutt, S., Gillespie, D., Turner, J., King, P., Tollit, D., Thompson, J., Wood, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
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