In the context of land-based and offshore wind energy development, Risk-Based Management (RBM) examines the potential negative effects on birds, bats, terrestrial wildlife, marine mammals, other marine organisms and the habitats or migratory pathways that support them. RBM has the potential to ensure that wildlife protection measures are focused on the factors that pose the highest risks, while maximizing the production of energy.
The risk-based approach that most closely addresses aspects of the complex ecosystems that make up the landscapes/seascapes of wind energy development is Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). EBM includes effects of human activities as well as environmental and ecological factors, using approaches that embrace holistic methods to include human needs and effects in an integrated view for managing resources sustainably.
The Risk-Based Management Fact Sheet was created to provide a broad summary of the IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values.
The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community benefit agreement preferences for energy development offshore California, Oregon, and Washington: Insights from a choice-based conjoint experiment | Taufiq, H., Stelmach, G., Rahman, U., Siddiqi, M., Boudet, H. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions | ||
| Implications of surveyor accuracy in bird flight height estimation for wind farm collision risk assessment | Largey, N., Edwards, H., Fernandez-Bellon, D., Doyle, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
| Powering the Offshore Wind Future in Northern Japan: Opportunities and Recommendations | Ocean Energy Pathway | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data | ||
| Improving the evidence base for coexistence between offshore renewables and commercial fishing | Harding, J., Boblin, E., Coyle, A., Andrews, J., Fisk, V., Page, A., Cooper, B. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Stakeholder Engagement | ||
| Underwater Noise in Offshore Wind Farms: Monitoring Technologies, Acoustic Characteristics, and Long-Term Adaptive Management | Zhu, P., Hu, Z., Li, H., Dai, M., Chen, J., Hu, Z., Xu, X. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Noise | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| A global decision framework for reducing bat fatalities at wind energy facilities | Frick, W., Whitby, M., Wilson, D., MacEwan, K., Hulka, S., Akre, K., O'Mara, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Bats | |
| Assessment of seabird vulnerability to offshore wind farms in China | Cheng, C., Yao, W., He, Y., Shi, J., Song, M., Wang, Y., Jiang, C., Liu, B., Zhao, L., Ren, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
| Cumulative impacts of offshore wind and commercial vessels on harbour porpoise populations in Danish waters | Gallagher, C., Frankish, C., Teilmann, J., Cordier, A., Weller, F., Nabe-Nielsen, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Balancing wind energy expansion and fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea: A trait-based assessment of vulnerability to floating offshore wind farms for commercially important species | Wawrzynkowski, P., Sabatés, A., Lloret, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Chemicals, EMF, Entanglement, Lighting, Noise | Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Projected changes to the extent and seasonality of seabird habitat in the California current and implications for marine spatial planning | Gasbarro, R., Ainley, D., Andrews, K., Ballance, L., Blondin, H,, Bograd, S., Brodie, S., Cimino, M., Clay, T., Ellis, A., Evenson, J., Field, J., Hazen, E., Jacox, M., Jahncke, J., Joyce, T., Leirness, J., Lipski, D., Muhling, B., Lezama-Ochoa, M., Pozo Buil, N., Schonfeld, A., Warlick, A., Welch, H., Zamon, J., Zilliacus, K., Santora, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | ||
| Robust real-time detection of right whale upcalls using neural networks on the edge | Hyer, M., Anderson, A., Mann, D., Mooney, T., Aoki, N., Jensen, F. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise, Vessel Strike | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Population-level impacts of wind energy for two fruit bat species in South Africa | Aronson, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Terrestrial Mammals | |
| ORJIP Closing the Loop: Recommendations and roadmap (D05) | Jones, E., Hague, A., Booth, C., Skeate, E., Perrow, M., Searle, K., Scott-Hayward, L., Couto, A., Daunt, F., Miller, S., Lorenzo-Arribas, A., Hull, S., Sparling, C., Hastie, G., Delacombe, K., Butler, A. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | ||
| Frequently Asked Questions: Offshore Wind and Whales | Whale Communications Committee | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Underwater Noise Conflict Resolution: Framework Report | Xodus Group | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
| Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation | Hengstmann, E., Corella, P., Alter, K., Belzunce-Segarra, M., Booth, A., Castro-Jimenéz, J., Czerner, N., De Cauwer, K., Deviller, G., Gomiero, A., Goseberg, N., Hasenbein, S., Kirchgeorg, T., Mason, C., Pape, W., Parmentier, K., Plaß, A., Pröfrock, D., Sarhadi, A., Vanavermaete, D., van der Molen, J., Vinagre, P., Wood, D., Weinberg, I., Windt, C., Zonderman, A., Kenyon, J., De Witte, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Chemicals | Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
| Workshop to compile evidence on the impacts of offshore renewable energy on fisheries and marine ecosystems | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | ||
| Predicting risk to bat species from wind turbine collision in Southeast Asia | Crane, M., Silvia, I., Grainger, M., Gale, G. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats | |
| Frameworks and best practices for cumulative impact accounting in offshore energy development | Kuempel, C., Stockbridge, J., O'neil, T., Griffiths, L., Frid, C., Brown, C. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data | ||
| Glider Surveillance for Near-Real-Time Detection and Spatial Management of North Atlantic Right Whales | Indeck, K., Baumgartner, M., Lecavalier, L., Whoriskey, F., Durette-Morin, D., Pettigrew, N., McSweeney, J., Thorne, L., Gallagher, K., Edwards, C., Meyer-Gutbrod, E., Davies, K. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Evaluating Tools and Technologies for Monitoring Baleen Whales During Offshore Wind Foundation Installation | Szesciorka, A., Severy, M., Ampela, K., Hein, C., Richlen, M., Haxel, J., Clerc, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Propuesta de lineamientos para el monitoreo, evaluación, prevención y mitigación de los impactos de los parques eólicos sobre la quiropterofauna en México | Uribe Rivera, M. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Bats | ||
| Spatial compatibility between emerging marine economies and existing uses in the exclusive economic zone of southern Brazil | Medeiros, J., Weiss, C., Scherer, M., Gandra, T., Bonetti, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement | ||
| Harbour porpoise responses to the installation of XXL monopiles without noise abatement; implications for noise management in the Southern North Sea | Benhemma-Le Gall, A., Hastie, G., Brown, A., Booth, C., Graham, I.M., Fernandez-Betelu, O., Iorio-Merlo, V., Bashford, R., Swanson, H., Cheney, B.J., Abad Oliva, N., Thompson, P.M. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats | Special Initiative on Offshore Wind | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
| Supplemental North Atlantic Right Whale Monitoring and Mitigation Plan for Pile Driving | SouthCoast Wind Energy LLC | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| The effect of offshore wind farms on the variation of the phytoplankton population | Kordan, M., Yakan, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | ||
| Mitigation measures for preventing collision of birds with wind turbines | Garcia-Rosa, P., Tande, J. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
| Recommendations for Evaluating the Use of Existing Baseline Observational Survey Data for Birds in Offshore Wind Site Characterization Processes for the U.S. Atlantic | Avian Displacement Guidance Committee | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| Amended Biological Opinion on the Effects of the Sunrise Wind Farm and Sunrise Wind Export Cable – Development and Operation on Federally Listed Species within the Jurisdiction of the Long Island Field Office, New York. | Papa, S., Spiller, K., Kaforski, R., Philips-Hagedorn, M. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| A management-focused population viability analysis for North Atlantic right whales | Runge, M., Linden, D., Hostetler, J., Borggaard, D., Garrison, L., Knowlton, A., Lesage, V., Williams, R., Pace, R. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Consideration of avoidance behaviour of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in collision risk modelling for offshore wind farm impact assessments (NECR512) | Pavat, D., Harker, A., Humphries, G., Keogan, K., Webb, A., Macleod, K. | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds | |
| A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea | Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, H., Lin, L., Yang, H., Jin, Y. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | ||
| Vulnerability Index to Scale Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy on Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Off the U.S. West Coast (VIMMS) | Southall, B., Mazurek, R., Eriksen, R. | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | ||
| Co-designing a multi-criteria approach to ranking hazards to and from Australia’s emerging offshore blue economy | Turschwell, M. P., Brown, C., Lacharite, M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Hayes, K., Bustamante, R., Dambacher, J., Evans, K., Fidelman, P., MacDonald, D. H., Putten, I. V., Wood, G., Abdussamie, N., Bates, M., Blackwell, D., D'Alessandro, S., Dutton, I., Ericson, J., Frid, C., McDougall, C., Fulton, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data | ||
| Modeling the Spatial Distribution of Carcasses of Eagles Killed by Wind Turbines | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Mintz, J., Nygård, T., May, R. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
| Beacon Wind Project: Beacon Wind 1 and Beacon Wind 2 Construction and Operations Plan | AECOM | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | ||
| Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species | Schwemmer, P., Pederson, R., Haecker, K., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Mercker, M., Jiguet, F., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Garthe, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Technology Gaps for Bird Monitoring in Relation to Offshore Wind Energy Development | Courbis, S., Etter, H., Pacini, A., Campoblanco, F., Williams, K., Stepanuk, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Birds | ||
| Geo-Data Engagement – A Systems Thinking Approach to Advancing Offshore Wind Farm Development in the US | Rovang, K., Hargrave, D., Pallestrant, J., Earl, S. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Human Dimensions |