Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Megafauna Aerial Surveys in the Wind Energy Areas of Massachusetts and Rhode Island with Emphasis on Large Whales: Interim Report Campaign 6A, 2020 O'Brien, O., McKenna, K., Pendleton, D., Redfern, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea Zburlea, L., Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
A predictive model for improving placement of wind turbines to minimise collision risk potential for a large soaring raptor Murgatroyd, M., Bouten, W., Amar, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Estimating bird flight height using 3-D photogrammetry Prinsloo, N., Postma, M., Ryan, P., Coetzee, M., Nico de Bruyn, P. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds
Predicting Bald Eagle Collision at Wind Energy Facilities Nasman, K., Bay, K., Mattson, T., Leckband, J., Becker, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Assessing the vulnerability of breeding bird populations to onshore wind-energy developments in Finland Balotari-Chiebao, F., Valkama, J., Byholm, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Radar-based Detection of Birds at Wind Turbines: Numerical Analysis for Optimum Coverage Zadeh, A., Malzer, M., Nguyen, D., Moll, J., Krozer, V. Conference Paper Wind Energy Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Migratory movements of British and Irish Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna: a review of ringing data and a pilot tracking study to inform potential interactions with offshore wind farms in the North Sea Green, R., Burton, N., Cook, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Response of waterbird abundance and flight behavior to a coastal wind farm on the East Asian-Australasian Flyway Bai, M-L., Chih, W-C., Lee, P-F., Lien, Y-Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
AWWI Technical Report: Performance of the GenEst Mortality Estimator Compared to the Huso and Shoenfeld Estimators Rabie, P., Riser-Espinoza, D., Studyvin, J., Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
U.S. Geological Survey Migratory Bird Science, 2020–21 Pearse, A., Sherfy, M., Wimer, M., Khalil, M., Wiltermuth, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Physical Environment
Novel Application and Validation of a Method to Assess Visual Impacts of Rotating Wind Turbine Blades Within Woodland Areas Nopp-Mayr, U., Kunz, F., Suppan, F., Schöll, E., Coppes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Visual Impacts
Monitoring of geese in the territory of Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Winter 2020-2021 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
Biodiversity and bird surveys in Finnish environmental impact assessments and follow-up monitoring Mäkeläinen, S., Lehikoinen, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Eagle fatalities are reduced by automated curtailment of wind turbines McClure, C., Rolek, B., Dunn, L., McCabe, J., Martinson, L., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
MOTION OF THE CALIFORNIA ENERGY COMMISSION FOR APPROVAL OF THE ELECTRIC PROGRAM INVESTMENT CHARGE INTERIM INVESTMENT PLAN 2021 California Energy Commission Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A Runway Safety System Based on Vertically Oriented Stereovision Gradolewski, D., Dziak, D., Kaniecki, D., Jaworski, A., Skakuj, M., Kulesza, W. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Limitations, lack of standardization, and recommended best practices in studies of renewable energy effects on birds and bats Conkling, T., Loss, S., Diffendorfer, J., Duerr, A., Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Northern gannets (Morus bassanus) are strongly affected by operating offshore wind farms during the breeding season Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Mercker, M., Dierschke, J., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
Calculation of biodiversity level between different land-uses to improve conservation outcomes of biodiversity offsetting Millon, L., Barre, K., Julliard, R., Compère, P., Kerbiriou, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Environmental Impact of Solar and Wind energy- A Review Hamed, T., Alshare, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Wind energy facilities affect resource selection of capercaillie Tetrao urogallus Taubmann, J., Kämmerle, J., Andrén, H., Braunisch, V., Storch, I., Fiedler, W., Suchant, R., Coppes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Final Technical Report: A Heterogeneous System for Eagle Detection, Deterrent, and Wildlife Collision Detection for Wind Turbines Albertani, R., Clocker, K., Hu, C., Johnston, M. Report Wind Energy Collision Birds, Raptors
Black kites of different age and sex show similar avoidance responses to wind turbines during migration Santos, C., Ferraz, R., Muñoz, A., Onrubia, A., Wikelski, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
A new hybrid multi-criteria decision-making approach for location selection of sustainable offshore wind energy stations: A case study Abdel-Basset, M., Gamal, A., Chakrabortty, R., Ryan, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Methods to quantify avian airspace use in relation to wind energy development Largey, N., Cook, A., Thaxter, C., McCluskie, A., Stokke, B., Wilson, B., Masden, E. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wind energy in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec: conflicts and social implications Martínez-Mendoza, E., Rivas-Tovar, L., García-Santamaría, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Comprehensive Bird Preservation at Wind Farms Gradolwski, D., Dziak, D., Martynow, M., Kaniecki, D., Szurlej-Kielanska, A. , Jaworski, A., Kulesza, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Final Environmental Assessment Leaning Juniper I Wind Facility Eagle Incidental Take Permit US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
South Fork Wind Farm and South Fork Export Cable Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy EMF Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Tracking Movements of Migratory Shorebirds in the U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Region Loring, P., Lenske, A., McLaren, D., Aikens, M., Anderson, A., Aubry, Y., Dalton, E., Dey, A., Friis, C., Hamilton, D., Holberton, R., Kriensky, D., Mizrahi, D., Niles, L., Parkins, K., Paquet, J., Sanders, F., Smith, A., Turcotte, Y., Vitz, A., Smith, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Shorebirds
Orkney Islands Marine Region: State of the Environment Assessment Orkney Islands Council Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Assessing movements of birds using digitally-coded VHF transmitters: A validation study Paton, P., Cooper-Mullin, C., Kouhi, S., Loring, P., Moore, J., Miller, J., Potty, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Migratory Soaring Birds Project BirdLife International Website Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Modelling the habitat selection of the bearded vulture to predict areas of potential conflict with wind energy development in the Swiss Alps Vignali, S., Lörcher, F., Hegglin, D., Arlettaz, R., Braunisch, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Raptors
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy: Spatial and Temporal Marine Wildlife Distributions in the New York Offshore Planning Area, Summer 2016–Spring 2019 Pembroke, A., Robinson Willmott, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Recent increase in knowledge about numbers and flight behaviour in the White-throated Needletail 'Hirundapus caudacutus' Tarburton, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Mitigating biodiversity impacts associated with solar and wind energy development: guidelines for project developers Bennun, L., van Bochove, J., Ng, C., Fletcher, C., Wilson, D., Phair, N., Carbone, G. Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Bluetooth Based Bird Detection System Muppireddy, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Protected Species Observer Technical Report for the Ørsted New England IHA, BOEM Lease Areas OCS-A 0486, OCS-A 0487, and OCS-A 0500; 2019–2020 Smultea, M., Haase, P., Hartin, K., Reiser, c., Brewin, C., Cranmer, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
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