Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway: Status Report 1st January 2008 Bevanger, K., Follestad, A., Gjershaug, J., Halley, D., Hanssen, F., Johnsen, L., May, R., Nygård, T., Pedersen, H., Reitan, O., Steinheim, Y. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Intersectoral Assessment of Impacts on Seabirds: Baseline Report for a Comprehensive Environmental Management Plan for the Norwegian Sea Christensen-Dalsgaard, S., Bustnes, J., Follestad, A., Systad, G., Eriksen, J., Lorentsen, S., Anker-Nilssen, T. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Puget Sound Energy Wild Horse Wind Facility Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring, First Annual Report: January - December 2007 Erickson, W., Jeffrey, J., Poulton, V. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part II: Harbour porpoises Diederichs,A., Hennig, V., Nehls, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
Wind Turbines and Sensitive Bird Populations: A Spatial Planning Guide for On-Shore Wind Farm Developments in Cumbria Youngs, T., Shackleton, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Klondike III Wind Project: Habitat Mitigation Plan Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Probability of Impact Workshop National Wind Coordinating Collaborative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document Kunz, T., Arnett, E., Cooper, B., Erickson, W., Larkin, R., Mabee, T., Morrison, M., Strickland, M., Szewczak, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Estimating Wind Turbine Caused Bird Mortality Smallwood, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Modelling Total Numbers and Distribution of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra at Horns Rev Petersen, I. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Birds
Risk management model of birds and a wind farm Shimada, Y., Matsuda, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Critical Literature Review Impact of Wind Energy and Related Human Activities on Grassland and Shrub-Steppe Birds Mabey, S., Paul, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Spring 2007 Radar, Visual, and Acoustic Survey of Bird and Bat Migration at the Proposed Windpark in Coos County, New Hampshire by Granite Reliable Power, LLC Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Breeding and Overland Flight of Red- Throated Divers (Gavia stellata) at Smøla, Norway, in relation to the Smøla wind farm Halley, D., Hopshaug, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Waterfowl
Fall 2006 Radar Surveys of Nighttime Migration Activity at the Proposed Windpark in Coos County, New Hampshire by Granite Reliable Power, LLC Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Further Use of Aerial Surveys to Detect Bird Displacement by Offshore Windfarms Maclean, I., Skov, H., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds
Seabird Survey Programme Findings, Humber Gateway Windfarm University of Hull Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh I Wind Power Project Solano County, California Year One Final Report Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Culp, L., Fischer, B., Hasch, A., Wilkerson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Passerines, Birds, Bats
Trial High Definition Video Survey of Seabirds Mellor, M., Craig, T., Baillie, D., Woolaghan, P. Report Wind Energy Seabirds, Birds
Nygårdsfjellet Wind Park, Phase 2. Studies of Spring Migrating Birds Jacobsen, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Potential Use of Population Viability Analysis to Assess the Impact of Offshore Windfarms on Bird Populations Maclean, I., Frederiksen, M., Rehfisch, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Waterfowl, Seabirds, Birds
Ecological Baseline Studies for the Hatchet Ridge Wind Energy Project, Shasta County, California Young, D. Jr., Johnson, G., Poulton, V., Bay, K. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Wind Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities Kuvlesky, W. Jr., Brennan, L., Morrison, M., Boydston, K., Ballard, B., Bryant, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Physical Environment, Birds
Burrowing Owl Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Thelander, C., Morrison, M., Rugge, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Results of Bat and Bird Mortality Monitoring at the Expanded Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, 2005 Fiedler, J., Henry, T., Tankersley, R. Jr., Nicholson, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Passerines, Birds, Bats
Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project Post-construction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2006 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Slobodnik, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Potential Impact of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy Wind Turbine on Common and Roseate Terns Vlietstra, L. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds
Potential Impact of the Massachusetts Maritime Academy Wind Turbine on Common (Sterna hirundo) and Roseate (S. dougallii) Terns Vlietstra, L. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds
Wind Turbines and Birds in Flanders (Belgium): Preliminary Summary of the Mortality Research Results Everaert, J., Kuijken, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Birds and Wind Farms: Risk Assessment and Mitigation de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. Book Wind Energy Birds, Bats
Wind Power and Birds at Smøla 2003-2006 Follestad, A., Flagstad, Ø., Nygård, T., Reitan, O., Schulze, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Effects of Wind Turbines on Flight Behaviour of Wintering Common Eiders: Implications for Habitat Use and Collision Risk Larsen, J., Guillemette, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Seabirds
The Possible Effects of Wind Energy on Illinois Birds and Bats Illinois Department of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Waterfowl, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Developing Field and Analytical Methods to Assess Avian Collision Risk at Wind Farms Band, W., Madders, M., Whitfield, D. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Biglow Canyon Wind Farm: Wildlife Monitoring and Mitigation Plan Portland General Electric Company, Oregon Department of Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Wind farms' deadly reputation hard to shift Marris, E., Fairless, D. Magazine Article Wind Energy Birds
Nocturnal Behavior of Raptors at Wind Energy Facilities Castle, J. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
COWRIE Workshop on the Cumulative Impact of Offshore Windfarms on Birds Norman, T., Buisson, R., Askew, N. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
MER Offshore Windmolenpark Bligh Bank Belwind NV De Sutter, R., Volckaet, A. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries
Wildlife and Habitat Baseline Study for the Whiskey Ridge Wind Power Project, Kittitas County, Washington Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
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