Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
High Resolution Video Survey of Seabirds and Mammals in the Rhyl Flats Area Hexter, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
Avoidance Behavior by Prairie Grouse: Implications for Development of Wind Energy Pruett, C., Patten, M., Wolfe, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Interim Report: Post-Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study Blue Sky Green Field Wind Resource Area Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin Gruver, J., Bay, K., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Avian Sensitivity to Mortality: Prioritising Migratory Bird Species for Assessment at Proposed Wind Farms Desholm, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Proceedings of the Wind Wildlife Research Meeting VII Schwartz, S. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Revised Best Practice Guidance for the Use of Remote Techniques for Ornithological Monitoring at Offshore Windfarms Walls, R., Pendlebury, C., Budgey, R., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Wind Power Plants and the Conservation of Birds and Bats in Spain: A Geographical Assessment Telleria, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Bats
Contextualizing Avian Mortality: A Preliminary Appraisal of Bird and Bat Fatalities from Wind, Fossil-Fuel, and Nuclear Electricity Sovacool, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area 48-Hour Search Interval Bird Fatality Study Jones & Stokes Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Potential Impacts of Wind Farms on Migratory Birds Crossing Spain Telleria, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Developing Guidance on Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment for Offshore Wind Farm Developers King, S., Maclean, I., Norman, T., Prior, A., Perrow, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Birds, Bats and Coastal Wind Farm Development in Maine: A Literature Review Goodale, W., Divoll, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Overlap Between Wind Power Plants and Griffon Vultures Gyps fulvus in Spain Telleria, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Assessment of Wind‐Farm and Other Bird Casualties from Carcasses Found on a Northumbrian Beach Over an 11‐Year Period Newton, I., Little, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Seabirds, Birds
Peatland Vulnerability to Energy-Related Developments from Climate Change Policy in Ireland: The Case of Wind Farms Renou-Wilson, F., Farrell, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Annual Report for the Maple Ridge Wind Power Project Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study - 2007 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Slobodnik, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
On-Shore Bird and Bat Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring Protocol for Commercial Wind Energy Facilities in Ohio: An Addendum to the Ohio Department of Natural Resources Voluntary Cooperative Agreement Ohio Department of Natural Resources Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Horns Rev II Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring of Bird Migration Skov, H., Jensen, N., Durinck, J., Jensen, B., Leonhard, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Birds
Barriers to Movement: Impacts of Wind Farms on Migrating Birds Masden, E., Haydon, D., Fox, A., Furness, R., Bullman, R., Desholm, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Oregon's High Desert and Wind Energy: Opportunities and Strategies for Responsible Development Oregon Natural Desert Association Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Portland General Electric Biglow Canyon Wind Farm Phase I Post-Construction Avian and Bat Monitoring First Annual Report Sherman County, Oregon: January, 2008 - December, 2008 Jeffrey, J., Bay, K., Erickson, W., Sonnenberg, M., Baker, J., Kerterke, M., Boehrs, J., Palochak, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Annual Report for the Noble Bliss Windpark, LLC Postconstruction Bird and Bat Fatality Study 2008 Jain, A., Kerlinger, P., Curry, R., Slobodnik, L., Quant, J., Pursell, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
FISHING GEAR–RELATED INJURY IN CALIFORNIA MARINE WILDLIFE Kaplan Dau, B., Gilardi, K.V.K., Gulland, F., Higgins, A., Holcomb, J.B., Leger, J.S., Ziccardi, M.H. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Entanglement Birds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Whooping Cranes and Wind Development - An Issue Paper US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
Proposal to Permit Take Provided Under the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act Gould, R. Report Wind Energy Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Wind Turbines and Birds The Erie Shores Wind Farm Experience: Breeding Bird Surveys James, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Draft Avian and Bat Post-Construction Monitoring Plan: Raleigh Wind Farm, Invenergy Canada Dillon Consulting Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Observations of Seabirds at Offshore Wind Turbines near Blyth in Northeast England Rothery, P., Newton, I., Little, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Impact of Wind Power Plants on Black Grouse, Lyrurus tetrix in Alpine Regions Zeiler, H., Grunschachner-Berger, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Collision Avoidance of Golden Eagles at Wind Farms Under the 'Band' Collision Risk Model Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Communication Towers, Lights, and Birds: Successful Methods of Reducing the Frequency of Avian Collisions Gehring, J., Kerlinger, P., Manville, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish
It's Not Easy Being Green: Wind Energy and a Declining Grassland Bird Pruett, C., Patten, M., Wolfe, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Determining Night-Time Distribution of Long-Tailed Ducks Using Satellite Telemetry Allison, T., Perkins, S., Perry, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Guidelines for Assessing the Potential Impacts to Birds and Bats from Wind Energy Development in Northern Arizona and the Southern Colorado Plateau Lynn, J., Auberle, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Using probability of occurrence to assess potential interaction between wind farms and a residual population of golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos in NW Spain Tapia, L., Dominguez, J., Rodriguez, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
The Monitoring of the Wintering Geese in the "Sveti Nikola" Territory and the Kaliakra Region in Winter 2008/2009 Zehtindjiev, P., Gash, M., Evans, T., Percival, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: State of the Art After Two Years of Environmental Monitoring Degraer, S., Brabant, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
An Ecological Risk Assessment of Wind Energy Development in Montana Martin, B., Pearson, A., Bauer, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Saint Nikola Wind Farm: 2009 Breeding Bird Survey Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Guidance note: Guidance on Methods for Monitoring Bird Populations at Onshore Wind Farms Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
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