Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Renewable Energy and Wildlife Conservation Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Response of migrating raptors to an increasing number of wind farms Cabrera-Cruz, S., Villegas-Patraca, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Appendix L-1 WEST Summary of Risks to Birds and Bats Gordon, C., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Project Icebreaker Bird and Bat Risk Analysis Gordon, C., Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement Bats, Birds
Offshore wind energy ecological programme (Wozep) Monitoring and research programme 2017-2021 WOZEP project team Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
The most Important Environmental Project in a German Offshore Wind Farm: Accompanying Ecological Research on the Offshore Test Field Project Alpha Ventus Beiersdorf, A., Boethling, M., Binder, A., Blasche, K., Nolte, N., Dahlke, C. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Constraints on Development of Wind Energy in Poland due to Environmental Objectives. Is There Space in Poland for Wind Farm Siting? Hajto, M., Cichocki, Z., Bidlasik, M., Borzyszkowski, J., Kuśmierz , A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Bird and Bat Impacts and Behaviors at Old Wind Turbines at Forebay, Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K., Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Bird migration monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra region, in autumn 2016, and an analysis of potential impact after seven years of operation Zehtindjiev, P. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Bird Migration Intensity and Number of Collision Victims at the Wind Power Plant Le Peuchapatte (Switzerland) Aschwanden, J., Liechti, F. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds
Collision and Displacement Vulnerability Among Marine Birds of the California Current System Associated with Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure Adams, J., Kelsey, E., Felis, J., Pereksta, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
Seabirds and Offshore Wind Farms in European Waters: Avoidance and Attraction Dierschke, V., Furness, R., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
Predicting the offshore distribution and abundance of marine birds with a hierarchical community distance sampling model Goyert, H., Gardner, B., Sollmann, R., Veit, R., Gilbert, A., Connelly, E., Williams, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Evaluating Digital VHF Technology to Monitor Shorebird and Seabird Use of Offshore Wind Energy Areas in the Western North Atlantic Loring, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Collision Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Wind energy, nest success, and post‐fledging survival of Buteo hawks Kolar, P., Bechard, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Terrestrial and marine foraging strategies of an opportunistic seabird species breeding in the Wadden Sea Garthe, S., Schwemmer, P., Paiva, V., Corman, A., Fock, H., Voigt, C., Adler, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals
Beatrice Environmental Impact Assessment Report (Consultation Version) Repsol, Genesis Oil and Gas Consultants Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Predicting Eagle Fatalities at Wind Facilities Bay, K., Nasman, K., Erickson, W., Taylor, K., Kosciuch, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Displacement of seabirds by an offshore wind farm in the North Sea Welcker, J., Nehls, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Post-Construction Avian and Bat Mortality Monitoring at the Alta X Wind Energy Project, Kern County, California. Final Report for the Second Year of Operation: April 2015 – April 2016 Thompson, J., Boyd, C., Lombardi, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
A survey on bird activity monitoring and collision avoidance techniques in windmill turbines Aishwarya, K., Kathryn, J., Lakshmi, R. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Birds
A Synchronized Sensor Array for Remote Monitoring of Avian and Bat Interactions with Offshore Renewable Energy Facilities Suryan, R., Albertani, R., Polagye, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Prognosis and Assessment of Bird Collision Risks at Wind Turbines in Northern Germany PROGRESS Grunkorn, T., von Ronn, J., Blew, J., Nehls, G., Weitekamp, S., Timmermann, H., Reichenbach, M., Coppack, T., Potiek, A., Kruger, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Green Dilemma of Wind Farm on Avifauna: Future Ecological Considerations of Wind Energy Expansion in Ethiopia Mulualem, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Negative Impact of Wind Energy Development on a Breeding Shorebird Assessed with a BACI Study Design Sansom, A., Pearce-Higgins, J., Douglas, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Shorebirds, Birds
Bird Migration Monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra Region, in Autumn 2015, and an Analysis of Potential Impact after Six Years of Operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Utilization Probability Map for Migrating Bald Eagles in Northeastern North America: A Tool for Siting Wind Energy Facilities and Other Flight Hazards Mojica, E., Watts, B., Turrin, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Scavenging of small bird carrion in southwestern Germany by beetles, birds and mammals Henrich, M., Tietze, D., Wink, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Mitigation Measures for Wildlife in Wind Energy Development, Consolidating the State of Knowledge — Part 2: Operation, Decommissioning Gartman, V., Bulling, L., Dahmen, M., Geißler, G., Köppel, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds
Black - billed Cuckoo Conservation Plan for the California Ridge Wind Energy Project Champaign and Vermilion Counties, Illinois Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Proximity to wind-power plants reduces the breeding success of the white-tailed eagle Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Niinimaki, T., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Severe decline in Cantabrian Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus cantabricus habitat use after construction of a wind farm Gonzalez, M., Garcia-Tejero, S., Wengert, E., Fuertes, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Guidelines for Conducting Bird and Bat Studies at Commercial Wind Energy Projects New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Assessment of Diurnal Wind Turbine Collision Risk for Grassland Birds on the Southern Great Plains Wulff, S., Butler, M., Ballard, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Habitat selection by adult golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos during the breeding season and implications for wind farm establishment Singh, N., Moss, E., Hipkiss, T., Ecke, F., Dettki, H. , Sandström, P., Bloom, P., Kidd, J., Thomas, S., Hörnfeldt, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Modeling At-Sea Occurrence and Abundance of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning: Phase 1 Report Kinlan, B., Winship, A., White, T., Christensen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems Megavind Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Literature review and evidence based field study on the effects of high voltage transmission lines on birds RPS group Report Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
Reproductive success of Horned Lark and McCown's Longspur in relation to wind energy infrastructure Mahoney, A., Chalfoun, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Passerines, Birds
Wintering Sandhill Crane Exposure to Wind Energy Development in the Central and Southern Great Plains, USA Pearse, A., Brandt, D., Krapu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
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