Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Avian interactions with renewable energy infrastructure: An update Smith, J., Dwyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Impact of Wind Energy on Wildlife: Synthesis Leopold, B., Hutchins, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
A Theoretical Approach to Estimating Bird Risk of Collision with Wind Turbines Where Empirical Flight Activity Data Are Lacking Furness, R., Trinder, M., MacArthur, D., Douse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision Birds
Wind Energy Development: Methods for Assessing Risks to Birds and Bats Pre-Construction Katzner, T., Bennett, V., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Braham, M., Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Framework for Testing the Effectiveness of Bat and Eagle Impact-Reduction Strategies at Wind Energy Projects Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Testing sensitivity of metrics of seabird population response to offshore wind farm effects Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Wind Energy Development: Methods to Assess Bird and Bat Fatality Rates Post-Construction Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Miller, T., Bruns, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Mitigating Wind Energy Impacts on Wildlife: Approaches for Multiple Taxa Arnett, E., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St. Nikola" territory and the Kaliakra region in winter 2015/2016 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
Final Report Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Bird Fatality Study, Monitoring Years 2005–2013 ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Testing sensitivity of metrics of seabird population response to offshore wind farm impacts Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds
ABC’s Bird-Smart Wind Energy Campaign: Protecting Birds from Poorly Sited Wind Energy Development Hutchins, M., Parr, M., Schroeder, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Wind Energy Industry Eagle Detection and Deterrents: Research Gaps and Solutions Workshop Summary Report Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Reconciling endangered species conservation with wind farm development: Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Avian Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America: A Comparison of Recent Approaches Johnson, D., Loss, S., Smallwood, K., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Ten of the worst-cited wind energy projects for birds American Bird Conservancy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Indirect Effects of an Existing Wind Energy Facility on Lekking Behavior of Greater Prairie-Chickens Smith, J., Whalen, C., Brown, M., Powell, L., Ebensperger, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Prioritizing Avian Species for Their Risk of Population Level Consequences from Wind Energy Development Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Loss, S., Johnson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Assessing the Impact of Small-Scale Wind Energy Proposals on the Natural Heritage Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Guidelines For Environmental Impact Studies On Marine Biodiversity For Offshore Windfarm Projects In The Baltic Sea Region Baltic Environmental Forum – Latvia Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Addressing the factors that juxtapose raptors and wind turbines Hunt,G., Watson, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Assessing spring direct mortality to avifauna from wind energy facilities in the Dakotas Graff, B., Jenks, J., Stafford, J., Jensen, K., Grovenburg, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Coastal Impact of Onshore Wind Farms in Australia Harvey, N., Dew, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
Predictive mapping of seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans off the Pacific Coast of Washington Menza, C., Leirness, J., White, T., Winship, A., Kinlan, B., Kracker, L., Zamon, J., Ballance, L., Becker, E., Forney, K., Barlow, J., Adams, J., Pereksta, D., Pearson, S., Pierce, J., Jeffries, S., Calambokidis, J., Douglas, A., Hanson, B., Benson, S., Antrim, L. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment
Vertical Flow Simulations Using the Mesoscale Model to Assess Impacts on Soaring Birds around Offshore Wind Turbines Konagaya, M., Takahashi, M., Kato, H., Inui, E., Sugioka, S., Takatsu, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Raptors, Seabirds
London Array Offshore Wind Farm: Ornithology Aerial Survey Report 2013 / 2014 APEM Ltd Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Kincardine Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement Appendix B: Aerial Surveys Report HiDef Aerial Surveying Ltd Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals
Beatrice Offshore Windfarm - Pre-construction Aerial Survey Report Trinder, M., MacArthur, G. Report Wind Energy Birds
Effects of Wind-Energy Facilities on Breeding Grassland Bird Distributions Shaffer, J., Buhl, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Conflicts Between Birds and On-Shore Wind Farms Zwart, M., McKenzie, A., Minderman, J., Whittingham, M. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
2015 Bird and Bat Post Construction Monitoring Report – Laurel Mountain Wind Energy Project Stantec Consulting Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Data to Decision in a Dynamic Ocean: Robust Species Distribution Models and Spatial Decision Frameworks Halpin, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Recreation & Tourism
Impacts to Birds and Bats Due to Collisions and Electrocutions from Some Tall Structures in the United States: Wires, Towers, Turbines, and Solar Arrays - State of the Art in Addressing the Problems Manville, A. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds, Bats
Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Environmental impact monitoring reloaded Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
U.S. Geological Survey—Energy and Wildlife Research Annual Report for 2016 Khalil, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Bird collisions at an offshore platform in the North Sea Hüppop, O., Huppop, K., Diersche, J., Hill, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Approaching Population Thresholds in Presence of Uncertainty: Assessing Displacement of Seabirds from Offshore Wind Farms Busch, M., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Seabirds, Birds
Seabird Counts at East Caithness Cliffs SPA for Marine Renewable Casework Swann, B. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Effects of a Wind Energy Development on Greater Sage-Grouse Habitat Selection and Population Demographics in Southeastern Wyoming LeBeau, C., Johnson, G., Holloran, M., Beck, J., Nielson, R., Kauffman, M., Rodemaker, E., McDonald, T. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Suggested seasonal definitions for birds in the Scottish Marine Environment Tyler, G. Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
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