Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Migratory Soaring Birds Project BirdLife International Website Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Tracking Movements of Migratory Shorebirds in the U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Region Loring, P., Lenske, A., McLaren, D., Aikens, M., Anderson, A., Aubry, Y., Dalton, E., Dey, A., Friis, C., Hamilton, D., Holberton, R., Kriensky, D., Mizrahi, D., Niles, L., Parkins, K., Paquet, J., Sanders, F., Smith, A., Turcotte, Y., Vitz, A., Smith, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Shorebirds
Mitigating biodiversity impacts associated with solar and wind energy development: guidelines for project developers Bennun, L., van Bochove, J., Ng, C., Fletcher, C., Wilson, D., Phair, N., Carbone, G. Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Protected Species Observer Technical Report for the Ørsted New England IHA, BOEM Lease Areas OCS-A 0486, OCS-A 0487, and OCS-A 0500; 2019–2020 Smultea, M., Haase, P., Hartin, K., Reiser, c., Brewin, C., Cranmer, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Mesoscale Modeling to Characterize Eagle Soaring Habitat Draxl, C., Lawson, M., Farmer, C., Katzner, T., Quon, E., Sandhu, R., Thedin, R., Tripp, C. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Vulnerability of northern gannets to offshore wind farms; seasonal and sex-specific collision risk and demographic consequences Lane, J., Jeavons, R., Deakin, Z., Sherley, R., Pollock, C., Wanless, R., Hamer, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Global life-cycle impacts of onshore wind-power plants on bird richness May, R., Middel, H., Stokke, B., Jackson, C., Verones, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment
What really undermines public acceptance of wind turbines? A choice experiment analysis in Israel Peri, E., Becker, N., Tal, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing the exposure of three diving bird species to offshore wind areas on the U.S. Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf using satellite telemetry Stenhouse, I., Berlin, A., Gilbert, A., Goodale, M., Gray, C., Montevecchi, W., Savoy, L., Spiegel, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Atmospheric Modeling to Enable Prediction of Golden Eagle Interactions with Wind Power Plants Quon, E., Lawson, M., Tripp, C., Draxl, C., Sandhu, R., Thedin, R. Presentation Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
AWWI Technical Report: 2nd Edition: Summary of Bird Fatality Monitoring Data Contained in AWWIC Allison, T., Butryn, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Guidance document on wind energy developments and EU nature legislation European Commission Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values Copping, A., Gorton, A., May, R., Bennet, F., DeGeorge, E., Goncalves, M., Rumes, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Shift in proximate causes of mortality for six large migratory raptors over a century De Pascalis, F., Panuccio, M., Bacaro, G., Monti, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Monitoring of the migration of birds through the territory of the Integrated System for Protection of Birds, Аutumn 2020 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Use of Upland and Riparian Areas by Wintering Bald Eagles and Implications for Wind Energy Schmuecker, S., Becker, D., Lanzone, M., Fogg, B., Romano, S., Katzner, T., Miller, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Comparing methods to estimate the proportion of turbine-induced bird and bat mortality in the search area under a road and pad search protocol Maurer, J., Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Madsen, L., Fuentes, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Associations of Synoptic Weather Conditions With Nocturnal Bird Migration Over the North Sea Manola, I., Bradaric, M., Groenland, R., Fijn, R., Bouten, W., Shamoun-Baranes, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
The Wildlife Sensitivity Mapping Manual: Practical guidance for renewable energy planning in the European Union Allinson, T., Jobson, B., Crowe, O., Lammerant, J., Van Den Bossche, W., Badoz, I. Guidance Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Marine Mammals
New York Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) Meeting Summary – 5 October 2020 Gulka, J. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
Limited accessibility and bias in wildlife-wind energy knowledge: A bilingual systematic review of a globally distributed bird group Fernandez-Bellon, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Raptors
Parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire – Suivi de l’avifaune et de la mégafaune marine: Société Parc du Banc de Guérande Octobre 2020 Biotope Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Factors affecting carcass detection at wind farms using dogs and human searchers del Valle, J., Peralta, F., Arjona, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Stakeholder Workshop: Scientific Research Framework to Understand the Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats in the Eastern United States New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects HT Harvey and Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Satellite telemetry and digital aerial surveys show strong displacement of red-throated divers (Gavia stellata) from offshore wind farms Heinänen, S., Zydelis, R., Kleinschmidt, B., Dorsch,M., Burger, C., Morkunas, J., Quillfeldt, P., Nehls, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Birds, Waterfowl
An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States Choi, D., Wittig, T., Kluever, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Effect of wind farms on wintering ducks at an important wintering ground in China along the East Asian–Australasian Flyway Zhao, S., Xu, H., Song, N., Wang, Z., Li, B., Wang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Waterfowl
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations Horwath, S., Hassrick, J., Grismala, R., Diller, E. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Reptiles
Digital Aerial Baseline Survey of Marine Wildlife in Support of Offshore Wind Energy Fifth Interim Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Resource selection of apex raptors: implications for siting energy development in sagebrush and prairie ecosystems Squires, J., Olson, L., Wallace, Z., Oakleaf, R., Kennedy, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
How to strive for balance of coastal wind energy development with waterbird conservation in the important coastal wetlands, a case study in the Chongming Islands of East China Li, B., Yuan, X., Chen, M., Bo, S., Xia, L., Guo, Y., Zhao, S., Ma, Z., Wang, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Displacement Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Testing and Evaluation of "SafeWind" A Bird Protection System Soni, B., Loske, K., Lackmann, J. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Final Report on the Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Birds in the Region of Kaliakra, Bulgaria (Activity 3) Schindler, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Identifying areas of wetland and wind turbine overlap in the south-central Great Plains of North America Heintzman, L., Auerbach, E., Kilborn, D., Starr, S., Mulligan, K., Barbato, L., McIntyre, N. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Attributing seabirds at sea to appropriate breeding colonies and populations Butler, A., Carroll, M., Searle, K., Bolton, M., Waggitt, J., Evans, P., Rehfisch, M., Goddard, B., Brewer, M., Burthe, S., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Improving estimates of seabird body mass survival relationships Daunt, F., Fang, Z., Howells, R., Harris, M., Wanless, S., Searle, K., Elston, D. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Scoping Study: Regional Population Viability Analysis for Key Bird Species CR/2016/16 Searle, K., Butler, A., Bogdanova, M., Daunt, F. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities May, R., Nygård, T., Falkdalen, U., Åström, J., Hamre, Ø., Stokke, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
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