Short Science Summary: European Migratory Soaring Birds and Wind Energy Development

Common Kestrel

Some birds, such as raptors and vultures, have large wings relative to their body size, providing good lift in rising air currents. Soaring birds can sustain flight for long periods without flapping their wings, but are largely dependent on ascending currents resulting from the uneven warming of the Earth’s surface or the wind blowing over mountain ridges. Collisions of large soaring bird with wind turbines are of particular conservation concern, given that they are long-lived, have low reproductive rates with few eggs in each clutch, and invest considerable time in rearing their young. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by WREN under IEA Wind. A list of the sources used to develop this Short Science Summary is also available here.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Bird Migration Monitoring in the Saint Nikola Wind Farm, Kaliakra Region, in Autumn 2015, and an Analysis of Potential Impact after Six Years of Operation Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Prognosis and Assessment of Bird Collision Risks at Wind Turbines in Northern Germany PROGRESS Grunkorn, T., von Ronn, J., Blew, J., Nehls, G., Weitekamp, S., Timmermann, H., Reichenbach, M., Coppack, T., Potiek, A., Kruger, O. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Green Dilemma of Wind Farm on Avifauna: Future Ecological Considerations of Wind Energy Expansion in Ethiopia Mulualem, G. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds, Waterfowl
Negative Impact of Wind Energy Development on a Breeding Shorebird Assessed with a BACI Study Design Sansom, A., Pearce-Higgins, J., Douglas, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Shorebirds, Birds
Utilization Probability Map for Migrating Bald Eagles in Northeastern North America: A Tool for Siting Wind Energy Facilities and Other Flight Hazards Mojica, E., Watts, B., Turrin, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Scavenging of small bird carrion in southwestern Germany by beetles, birds and mammals Henrich, M., Tietze, D., Wink, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Mitigation Measures for Wildlife in Wind Energy Development, Consolidating the State of Knowledge — Part 2: Operation, Decommissioning Gartman, V., Bulling, L., Dahmen, M., Geißler, G., Köppel, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds
Black - billed Cuckoo Conservation Plan for the California Ridge Wind Energy Project Champaign and Vermilion Counties, Illinois Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Severe decline in Cantabrian Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus cantabricus habitat use after construction of a wind farm Gonzalez, M., Garcia-Tejero, S., Wengert, E., Fuertes, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement Birds
Assessment of Diurnal Wind Turbine Collision Risk for Grassland Birds on the Southern Great Plains Wulff, S., Butler, M., Ballard, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Proximity to wind-power plants reduces the breeding success of the white-tailed eagle Balotari-Chiebao, F., Brommer, J., Niinimaki, T., Laaksonen, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
Guidelines for Conducting Bird and Bat Studies at Commercial Wind Energy Projects New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Habitat selection by adult golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos during the breeding season and implications for wind farm establishment Singh, N., Moss, E., Hipkiss, T., Ecke, F., Dettki, H. , Sandström, P., Bloom, P., Kidd, J., Thomas, S., Hörnfeldt, B. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Reproductive success of Horned Lark and McCown's Longspur in relation to wind energy infrastructure Mahoney, A., Chalfoun, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Passerines, Birds
Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems Megavind Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Modeling At-Sea Occurrence and Abundance of Marine Birds to Support Atlantic Marine Renewable Energy Planning: Phase 1 Report Kinlan, B., Winship, A., White, T., Christensen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Seabirds, Birds
Literature review and evidence based field study on the effects of high voltage transmission lines on birds RPS group Report Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds
Avian interactions with renewable energy infrastructure: An update Smith, J., Dwyer, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds
Wintering Sandhill Crane Exposure to Wind Energy Development in the Central and Southern Great Plains, USA Pearse, A., Brandt, D., Krapu, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
Reconciling endangered species conservation with wind farm development: Cinereous vultures (Aegypius monachus) in south-eastern Europe Vasilakis, D., Whitfield, D., Schindler, S., Poirazidis, K., Kati, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Avian Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America: A Comparison of Recent Approaches Johnson, D., Loss, S., Smallwood, K., Erickson, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Testing sensitivity of metrics of seabird population response to offshore wind farm effects Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Birds
Final Report Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Bird Fatality Study, Monitoring Years 2005–2013 ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Impact of Wind Energy on Wildlife: Synthesis Leopold, B., Hutchins, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
A Theoretical Approach to Estimating Bird Risk of Collision with Wind Turbines Where Empirical Flight Activity Data Are Lacking Furness, R., Trinder, M., MacArthur, D., Douse, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision Birds
Wind Energy Development: Methods for Assessing Risks to Birds and Bats Pre-Construction Katzner, T., Bennett, V., Miller, T., Duerr, A., Braham, M., Hale, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Framework for Testing the Effectiveness of Bat and Eagle Impact-Reduction Strategies at Wind Energy Projects Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Testing sensitivity of metrics of seabird population response to offshore wind farm impacts Cook, A., Robinson, R. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement Birds
Wind Energy Development: Methods to Assess Bird and Bat Fatality Rates Post-Construction Huso, M., Dalthorp, D., Miller, T., Bruns, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Mitigating Wind Energy Impacts on Wildlife: Approaches for Multiple Taxa Arnett, E., May, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Monitoring of wintering geese in the AES Geo Energy Wind Farm "St. Nikola" territory and the Kaliakra region in winter 2015/2016 Zehtindjiev, P., Whitfield, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Waterfowl
ABC’s Bird-Smart Wind Energy Campaign: Protecting Birds from Poorly Sited Wind Energy Development Hutchins, M., Parr, M., Schroeder, D. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds
Wind Energy Industry Eagle Detection and Deterrents: Research Gaps and Solutions Workshop Summary Report Sinclair, K., DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds
Ten of the worst-cited wind energy projects for birds American Bird Conservancy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds
Indirect Effects of an Existing Wind Energy Facility on Lekking Behavior of Greater Prairie-Chickens Smith, J., Whalen, C., Brown, M., Powell, L., Ebensperger, L. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Prioritizing Avian Species for Their Risk of Population Level Consequences from Wind Energy Development Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Loss, S., Johnson, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Predictive mapping of seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans off the Pacific Coast of Washington Menza, C., Leirness, J., White, T., Winship, A., Kinlan, B., Kracker, L., Zamon, J., Ballance, L., Becker, E., Forney, K., Barlow, J., Adams, J., Pereksta, D., Pearson, S., Pierce, J., Jeffries, S., Calambokidis, J., Douglas, A., Hanson, B., Benson, S., Antrim, L. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment
Assessing the Impact of Small-Scale Wind Energy Proposals on the Natural Heritage Scottish Natural Heritage Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Coastal Impact of Onshore Wind Farms in Australia Harvey, N., Dew, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
Addressing the factors that juxtapose raptors and wind turbines Hunt,G., Watson, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds
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