Fact Sheet: A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions using Ecosystem-Based Management Values

Whale

In the context of land-based and offshore wind energy development, Risk-Based Management (RBM) examines the potential negative effects on birds, bats, terrestrial wildlife, marine mammals, other marine organisms and the habitats or migratory pathways that support them. RBM has the potential to ensure that wildlife protection measures are focused on the factors that pose the highest risks, while maximizing the production of energy.

The risk-based approach that most closely addresses aspects of the complex ecosystems that make up the landscapes/seascapes of wind energy development is Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). EBM includes effects of human activities as well as environmental and ecological factors, using approaches that embrace holistic methods to include human needs and effects in an integrated view for managing resources sustainably.

The Risk-Based Management Fact Sheet was created to provide a broad summary of the IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A crane movement model parameterized using portable radar for evaluating response to wind energy development Kirsch, E., Diehl, R., Suarez, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
A framework for decision points to trigger adaptive management actions in long-term incidental take permits Dalthorp, D., Huso, M. Report Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A Report on National Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Measures Sage-grouse National Technical Team Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
A Report on the Perceptions of the Fishing Industry into the Potential Socio-Economic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Developments on their Work Patterns and Income Mackinson, S., Curtis, H., Brown, R., McTaggart, K., Taylor, N., Neville, S., Rogers, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A retrospective tiered Environmental Assessment of the Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility, West Virginia, USA Efroymson, R., Day, R., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
A risk-based approach to cumulative effects assessment for large marine ecosystems to support transboundary marine spatial planning: A case study of the yellow sea Ma, C., Stelzenmüller, V., Rehren, J., Yu, J., Zhang, Z., Zheng, H., Lin, L., Yang, H., Jin, Y. Journal Article Wind Energy Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life Popper, A., Hawkins, A. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Altamont Avian Plan: Status Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service By the Consortium of Altamont Owners Richard Curry Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
An Ecological Risk Assessment of Wind Energy Development in Montana Martin, B., Pearson, A., Bauer, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
Appendix I Aquatic Ecological Resource Characterization and Impact Assessment LimnoTech Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Ecosystem Processes, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessing local population vulnerability with branching process models: an application to wind energy development Erickson, R., Eager, E., Stanton, J., Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Thogmartin, W. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Assessing movements of birds using digitally-coded VHF transmitters: A validation study Paton, P., Cooper-Mullin, C., Kouhi, S., Loring, P., Moore, J., Miller, J., Potty, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement Birds
Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species Schwemmer, P., Pederson, R., Haecker, K., Bocher, P., Fort, J., Mercker, M., Jiguet, F., Elts, J., Marja, R., Piha, M., Rousseau, P., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm Effects on Birds and Needs to Plan their Future Development in Spain Mateos-Rodriguez, M., Muñoz, A., Arroyo, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
Assessment of the Influence of Offshore Wind Farms on Ship Traffic Flow Based on AIS Data Yu, Q., Liu, K., Teixeira, A., Soares, C. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Navigation
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Bat Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Energy Facility Benton County, Indiana: April 13 – October 15, 2010 Good, R., Erickson, W., Merrill, A., Simon, S., Murray, K., Bay, K., Fritchman, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative: 2008 Workshop Proceedings Energetics Incorporated Workshop Article Wind Energy Bats
Beacon Wind Project: Beacon Wind 1 and Beacon Wind 2 Construction and Operations Plan AECOM Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Biodiversity & Wind Energy: A Bird's and Bat's Perspective Mascarenhas, M., Bernardino, J., Paula, A., Costa, H., Bastos, C., Cordeiro, A., Marques, A., Marqués, J., Mesquita, S., Paula, J., Pereira, M., Peste, F., Ramalho, R., Rodrigues, S., Santos, J., Veira, J., Fonseca, C. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds
Biodiversity and Wind Farms in Portugal: Current Knowledge and Insights for an Integrated Impact Assessment Process Mascarenhas, M., Marques, A., Ramalho, R., Santos, D., Bernardino, J., Fonseca, C. Book Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Can multi-use of the sea be safe? A framework for risk assessment of multi-use at sea van Hoof, L., van den Burg, S., Banach, J., Rockmann, C., Goossen, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Co-designing a multi-criteria approach to ranking hazards to and from Australia’s emerging offshore blue economy Turschwell, M. P., Brown, C., Lacharite, M., Melbourne-Thomas, J., Hayes, K., Bustamante, R., Dambacher, J., Evans, K., Fidelman, P., MacDonald, D. H., Putten, I. V., Wood, G., Abdussamie, N., Bates, M., Blackwell, D., D'Alessandro, S., Dutton, I., Ericson, J., Frid, C., McDougall, C., Fulton, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Collision risk of White-fronted Geese with wind turbines Sugimoto, H., Matsuda, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
Consideration of avoidance behaviour of northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in collision risk modelling for offshore wind farm impact assessments (NECR512) Pavat, D., Harker, A., Humphries, G., Keogan, K., Webb, A., Macleod, K. Guidance Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds
Considerations for Upscaling Individual Effects of Wind Energy Development Towards Population-Level Impacts on Wildlife May, R., Masden, E., Bennet, F., Perron, M. Journal Article Wind Energy Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals
Convergence of emerging technologies: development of a risk-based paradigm for marine mammal monitoring for offshore wind energy operations Macrander, A., Brzuzy, L., Raghukumar, K., Preziosi, D., Jones, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Data to Decision in a Dynamic Ocean: Robust Species Distribution Models and Spatial Decision Frameworks Halpin, P. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Recreation & Tourism
Detection of Habitat Shifts of Cetacean Species: A Comparison Between 2010 and 2017 Habitat Suitability Conditions in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean Chavez-Rosales, S., Josephson, E., Palka, D., Garrison, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Ecological Risk Assessment of Underwater Sounds from Dredging Operations McQueen, A., Suedel, B., de Jong, C., Thomsen, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Fish, Marine Mammals
Effects of impulsive noise on marine mammals: investigating range‐dependent risk Hastie, G., Merchant, N., Götz, T., Russell, D., Thompson, P., Janik, V. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals
Effects of offshore windfarms on seabird abundance: Strong effects in spring and in the breeding season Peschko, V., Mendel, B., Müller, S., Markones, N., Mercker, M., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds
Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values Copping, A., Gorton, A., May, R., Bennet, F., DeGeorge, E., Goncalves, M., Rumes, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Learning from the Past to Optimise Future Monitoring Programmes Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B., Vigin, L. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Evaluating a Commercial-Ready Technology for Raptor Detection and Deterrence at a Wind Energy Facility in California Terrill, S., Howell, J., Smith, J., Zirpoli, J., Wolf, K., Lindke, K., Watt, S. Report Wind Energy Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Evaluation of a coastal acoustic buoy for cetacean detections, bearing accuracy and exclusion zone monitoring Palmer, K. , Tabbutt, S., Gillespie, D., Turner, J., King, P., Tollit, D., Thompson, J., Wood, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Examples of State and International Guidance for Duration and Intensity of Pre-Construction and Post-Construction Monitoring US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Final Report Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Bird Fatality Study, Monitoring Years 2005–2013 ICF International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Fishing within offshore wind farms in the North Sea: Stakeholder perspectives for multi-use from Scotland and Germany Schupp, M., Kafas, A., Buck, B., Krause, G., Onyango, V., Stelzenmüller, V., Davies, I., Scott, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
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