Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
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| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content | Technology Types |
Stressors |
Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental Risk Evaluation System - An Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Copping, A., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment | DONG Energy | March 2013 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future | Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals |
| Effects of Marine Windfarms on the Distribution of Fish, Shellfish and Marine Mammals in the Horns Rev Area | Hoffmann, E., et al. | May 2000 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Harbour Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and Wind Farms: A Case Study in the Dutch North Sea | Scheidat, M., et al. | June 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change | Marine Mammals |
| Pathways of Effects for Offshore Renewable Energy in Canada | Isaacman, L., Daborn, G. | December 2011 | Report | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions |
| Impact of pile-driving on Hector's dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand | Leunissen, E., Rayment, W., Dawson, S. | May 2019 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Soundscape of an Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) hotspot before windfarm construction in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Do dolphin engage in noise avoidance and passive eavesdropping behavior? | Wang, Z., et al. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Predicting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on marine populations | Nabe-Nielsen, J., et al. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany | Brandt, M., et al. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Responses of bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises to impact and vibration piling noise during harbor construction | Graham, I., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Marine Protected Areas and Offshore Wind Farms | Sanders, N., Haynes, T., Goriup, P. | March 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Avoidance of Wind Farms by Harbour Seals is Limited to Pile Driving Activities | Russell, D., et al. | May 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Marine mammals and windfarms: Effects of alpha ventus on harbour porpoises | Dähne, M., et al. | January 2014 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Underwater construction and operational noise at alpha ventus | Betke, K. | January 2014 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Short-Term Effects of the Construction of Wind Turbines on Harbour Porpoises at Horns Reef | Tougaard, J., et al. | April 2003 | Report | Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Risk of whale encounters with offshore renewable energy mooring lines and electrical cables | Copping, A., Grear, M., Sanders, G. | April 2018 | Presentation | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Entrapment | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Investigations of the Bird Collision Risk and the Responses of Harbour Porpoises in the Offshore Wind Farms Horns Rev, North Sea, and Nysted, Baltic Sea, in Denmark - Part II: Harbour porpoises | Diederichs,A., Hennig, V., Nehls, G. | January 2008 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Birds, Marine Mammals |
| Towards a Numerical Model to Simulate the Observed Displacement of Harbour Porpoises Phocoena phocoena Due to Pile Driving in Belgian Waters | Haelters, J., et al. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Request for advice about the displacement of marine mammals around operational offshore windfarms | Alcock, P. | October 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Short-Term Disturbance by a Commercial Two-Dimensional Seismic Survey does Not Lead to Long-Term Displacement of Harbour Porpoises | Thompson, P., et al. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Displacement, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Argyll Array Windfarm Basking Shark Draft Chapter for Environmental Statement | Booth, C., King, S., Lacey, C. | January 2013 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Dynamic Device | Marine Mammals |
| Minimizing wildlife impacts for offshore wind energy development: Winning tradeoffs for seabirds in space and cetaceans in time | Best, B., Halpin, P. | May 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Dynamic Device, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| COWRIE 1.5 The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Sub-Sea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Wind Farm Developments on Electrically and Magnetically Sensitive Marine Organisms - A Review | Gill, A., et al. | July 2005 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation near Rhode Island: Acoustic and Electromagnetic Effects on Marine Animals | Miller, J., et al. | October 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | EMF, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Ormonde Offshore Wind Farm 2010 Construction Environmental Monitoring Report | Saunders, S. | January 2012 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal, Noise | Birds, Waterfowl, Marine Mammals |
| Humpback Whales and Floating Offshore Wind Farm Animation | Grear, M., et al. | November 2018 | Video | Offshore Wind | Entrapment | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Humpback Whale Encounter with Offshore Wind Mooring Lines and Inter-Array Cables | Copping, A., Grear, M. | October 2018 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Entrapment | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Assessment of Entanglement Risk to Marine Megafauna due to Offshore Renewable Energy Mooring Systems | Harnois, V., et al. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Entrapment | Marine Mammals |
| Understanding the Potential for Marine Megafauna Entanglement Risk from Marine Renewable Energy Developments | Benjamins, S., et al. | January 2014 | Report | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Entrapment | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Modeling Wildlife Densities and Habitat Use Across Temporal and Spatial Scales on the Mid-Atlantic Continental Shelf: Annual Report for the First Budget Period | Williams, K. | April 2013 | Report | Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Birds, Marine Mammals, Reptiles |
| Marine Mammals Trace Anthropogenic Structures at Sea | Russell, D., et al. | July 2014 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Negative Long Term Effects on Harbour Porpoises from a Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm in the Baltic - Evidence of Slow Recovery | Teilmann, J., Carstensen, J. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Porpoises North of Sprogø Before, During and After Construction of an Offshore Wind Farm | Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J. | February 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Marine Mammals |
| Summary on Seal Monitoring 1999-2005 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms | Teilmann, J., et al. | November 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Burbo Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment | The University of Liverpool Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies | September 2002 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals |
| Analysis of Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan Data from the Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm, Scotland (Operational Year 1) | Walls, R., et al. | January 2013 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Approaches to Marine Mammal Monitoring at Marine Renewable Energy Developments | Macleod, K., et al. | August 2010 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-Farms | OSPAR Commission | January 2008 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Concerted Action for Offshore Wind Energy Deployment (COD): Overview of Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy | Roth, E., Verhoef, L., Dingenouts, M. | September 2004 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat |
| Danish Offshore Wind Key Environmental Issues - A Follow-up | Danish Energy Agency, et al. | February 2013 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Design and Implementation of a Marine Animal Alert System to Support Marine Renewable Energy | Deng, Z., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Ecological Research on Offshore Wind Farms: International Exchange of Experiences - Part A | Zucco, C., et al. | January 2006 | Workshop Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Effects from the Construction of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on Seals in Rødsand Seal Sanctuary Based on Remote Video Monitoring | Edrén, S., et al. | June 2004 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Effects of Wind Farms on Harbour Porpoise Behavior and Population Dynamics | Nabe-Nielsen, J., et al. | September 2011 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Effects of the Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on Harbour Porpoises | Tougaard, J., et al. | July 2005 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat |
| Localization of Southern Resident Killer Whales Using Two Star Arrays to Support Marine Renewable Energy | Ren, H., et al. | October 2012 | Conference Paper | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Mid-Atlantic Marine Wildlife Surveys, Modeling, and Data: Workshop to Establish Coordination & Communication | Brown-Saracino, J., Smith, C., Gilman, P. | July 2013 | Workshop Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Modelling Harbour Porpoise Seasonal Density as a Function of the German Bight Environment: Implications for Management | Gilles, A., et al. | August 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Potential Impacts of Ocean Energy Development on Marine Mammals in Oregon | Davis, A. | December 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Robin Rigg Offshore Wind Farm Marine Environmental Monitoring Plan (MEMP): Ecological Analysis Data | Wells, R., Shenton, S. | November 2011 | Presentation | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Seal Scarers as a Tool to Deter Harbour Porpoises from Offshore Construction Sites | Brandt, M., et al. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Towards Best Environmental Practice for Cetacean Conservation in Developing Scotland's Marine Renewable Energy | Dolman, S., Simmonds, M. | September 2010 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Towards an Environmentally Sound Offshore Wind Energy Deployment | Verfuß, U. | January 2012 | Workshop Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| Interactions Between Seals and Offshore Wind Farms | McConnell, B., Lonergan, M., Dietz, R. | January 2012 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Inch Cape Offshore Wind Farm Environmental Statement | Inch Cape Offshore | June 2011 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Socio-economics |
| Harbour Porpoises in the Southern North Sea - Analysis of Potential Influences of Alpha Ventus in the Context of General Distribution Trends | Gilles, A., et al. | January 2013 | Presentation | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| High Resolution Video Survey of Seabirds and Mammals in the Rhyl Flats Area | Hexter, R. | July 2009 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals |
| Updated Summary of Knowledge: Selected Areas of the Pacific Coast | Kaplan, B., et al. | July 2010 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Ecosystem, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Monitoring and Researching Ecological Effects of Dutch Offshore Wind Farms | Boon, A., et al. | May 2010 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| Potential Impacts to Predator-Prey Relationships as a Result of the Proposed Cape Wind Project in Nantucket Sound | ESS Group | September 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Assessment of the Marine Renewables Industry in Relation to Marine Mammals: Synthesis of Work Undertaken by the ICES Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME) | Murphy, S., et al. | January 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Offshore Wind Energy Research on Environmental Impacts | Köller, J., Köppel, J., Peters, W. | March 2006 | Book | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Ecosystem, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| Ocean Wind Power Ecological Baseline Studies Final Report - Volume 3: Marine Mammal and Sea Turtle Studies | Geo-Marine | July 2010 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles |
| MERiFIC 3.3.2: Grey Seal Population Surveys of the Isles of Scilly and Parc Naturel Marin d'Iroise | Witt, M. | December 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Distribution of Harbour Seals in the German Bight in Relation to Offshore Wind Power Plants | Adelung, D., et al. | January 2006 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| The Effects of Wind Power on Marine Life - A Synthesis | Bergström, L., et al. | October 2012 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Post-Construction Results from The North Hoyle Offshore Wind Farm | May, J. | September 2005 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Marine Mammals |
| Shortlist Masterplan Wind Aerial Surveys of Harbour Porpoises on the Dutch Continental Shelf | Geelhoed, S., et al. | December 2011 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Survey of Beached Birds and Mammals: Sao Jãcinto - Torreira (Portugal) - March 2014 to March 2015 | van Nus, T., Moreira, P. | May 2015 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Marine Mammals |
| Windpower and Grey Seals: An Impact Assessment of Potential Effects by Sea-Based Windpower Plants on a Local Seal Population | Sundberg, J., Söderman, M. | December 1999 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| User Guide for the MRSea Package: Marine Renewables Strategic Environmental Assessment | Scott-Hayward, L., et al. | October 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Marine Mammals |
| Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME) | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea | April 2010 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Methodology and Results of Calibration of Tonal Click Detectors for Small Odontocetes (C-PODs) | Dähne, M., et al. | September 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Power Production in the North Sea | Draget, E. | January 2014 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Galloper Wind Farm Project: Environmental Statement - Chapter 14: Marine Mammals | Galloper Wind Farm | October 2011 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Socio-economics, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| Likely Effects of Construction of Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm on a Mixed Population of Harbour Phoca vitulina and Grey Halichoerus grypus Seals | Skeate, E., Perrow, M., Gilroy, J. | April 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Resolving Fine-Scale Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in the Harbour Porpoise Phocoena phocoena | Skov, H., Thomsen, F. | December 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Final Report on Aerial Monitoring of Seals near Nysted Offshore Wind Farm | Teilmann, J., et al. | April 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Final Report on the Effect of Nysted Offshore Wind Farm on Harbour Porpoises | Tougaard, J., et al. | July 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| General Models of the Spatial Distribution of Porpoises Require Representative Data and Parsimony: Comment on Skov & Thomsen (2008) | Tougaard, J., Wisz, M. | January 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf | Henkel, S., Suryan, R., Lagerquist, B. | February 2014 | Book Chapter | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Porpoises and Offshore Windfarms - Conflict, Co-Existence or Refuge | Scheidat, M. | October 2012 | Presentation | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Effects on Harbour Porpoises from Rødsand 2 Offshore Wind Farm | Teilmann, J., Tougaard, J., Carstensen, J. | November 2012 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Dogger Bank Creyke Beck Environmental Statement - Chapter 14: Marine Mammals | Mackey, B., Keenan, G. | March 2014 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Socio-economics, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| California Current Cetacean & Ecosystem Assessment Survey (CalCurCEAS): Final Report to Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Regarding Surveys of Windfloat and Wave Energy Areas | Barlow, J., Henry, A., Ballance, L. | April 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wave, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Ecosystem, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| NYSERDA Environmental Research Program Plan Research Area 4: Marine Wind and Wildlife | New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) | September 2015 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| MR1 & MR2 Current State of Knowledge of the Effects of Offshore Renewable Energy Generation Devices on Marine Mammals and Research Requirements: Update, September 2014 | Thompson, D., et al. | July 2015 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| MR6.1 Review of Methodology and Main Results of the JCP Analysis of Cetacean Densities in the Context of Marine Renewable Development | Lonergan, M., Hammond, P. | July 2015 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| MR6.2 Definition of 'Range' in the Context of Marine Renewable Energy Development and Marine Mammal Conservation | Northridge, S. | July 2015 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Marine Mammals | Philpott, E., Tollit, D., Mackey, B. | August 2009 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Environmental Interview: Effects of Wind Power on Marine Life | Kautsky, L. | March 2016 | Video | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Review of Offshore Wind Farm Impact Monitoring and Mitigation with Regard to Marine Mammals | Verfuss, U., et al. | January 2016 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: State of the Art After Two Years of Environmental Monitoring | Degraer, S., Brabant, R. | January 2009 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Ecosystem, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals |
| Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Early Environmental Impact Assessment and Spatio-Temporal Variability | Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. | January 2010 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics, Environmental Impact Assessment |
| Movements of Seals from Rødsand Seal Sanctuary Monitored by Satellite Telemetry | Dietz, R., et al. | January 2003 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Issuance of Incidental Harassment Authorizations to Deepwater Wind for the Take of Marine Mammals Incidental to Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm and Block Island Transmission System | National Marine Fisheries Service | August 2014 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Marine Mammals |
| A Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects (FAECE) of Offshore Wind Farms on Birds, Bats and Marine Mammals in the Southern North Sea | Platteeuw, M., et al. | February 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals |
| Responses of Two Marine Top Predators to an Offshore Wind Farm | Mclean, N., et al. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals |
| Resolving environmental effects of wind energy | Sinclair, K., et al. | April 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals |
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