Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
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| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content |
Technology Types |
Stressors | Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Environmental Risk Evaluation System - An Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Copping, A., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Functional and structural responses to marine urbanisation | Mayer-Pinto, M., et al. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance | Invertebrates |
| Impact of pile-driving on Hector's dolphin in Lyttelton Harbour, New Zealand | Leunissen, E., Rayment, W., Dawson, S. | May 2019 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Responses of bottlenose dolphins and harbor porpoises to impact and vibration piling noise during harbor construction | Graham, I., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |
| Research Priorities for Wind Energy and Migratory Wildlife | Piorkowski, M., et al. | April 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Weak Relationship Between Risk Assessment Studies and Recorded Mortality in Wind Farms | Ferrer, M., et al. | February 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Assessing bird avoidance of high-contrast lights using a choice test approach: implications for reducing human-induced avian mortality | Goller, B., et al. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Lighting | Birds |
| Avian information systems: Developing web-based bird avoidance models | Shamoun-Baranes, J., et al. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance | Birds |
| Bats Avoid Radar Installations: Could Electromagnetic Fields Deter Bats from Colliding with Wind Turbines? | Racey, P., Nicholls, B. | March 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, EMF | Bats |
| A Unifying Framework for the Underlying Mechanisms of Avian Avoidance of Wind Turbines | May, R. | October 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Displacement | Birds |
| A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada | Calvert, A., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Acoustic mirrors as sensory traps for bats | Greif, S., Zsebok, S. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Avian Collision Risk Models for Wind Energy Impact Assessments | Masden, E., Cook, A. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Avian vulnerability to wind farm collision through the year: insights from Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) tracked from multiple breeding colonies | Thaxter, C., et al. | September 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds |
| Barriers to Movement: Impacts of Wind Farms on Migrating Birds | Masden, E., et al. | February 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Behavioral Responses of Bats to Operating Wind Turbines | Horn, J., Arnett, E., Kunz, T. | March 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bird and Bat Species' Global Vulnerability to Collision Mortality at Wind Farms Revealed Through a Trait-Based Assessment | Thaxter, C., et al. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines: Hypotheses and Predictions | Cryan, P., Barclay, R. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Collision Effects of Wind-power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds | Drewitt, A., Langston, R. | June 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Collision Fatality of Raptors in Wind Farms does not Depend on Raptor Abundance | de Lucas, M., et al. | October 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| Curtailing Wind Turbine Operations to Reduce Avian Mortality | Singh, K., Baker, E., Lackner, M. | June 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Ecological Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds: Questions, Hypotheses, and Research Needs | Wang, S., Wang, S., Smith, P. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| The Effect of Avoidance Rates on Bird Mortality Predictions Made by Wind Turbine Collision Risk Models | Chamberlain, D., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl |
| Effects of Wind Turbines on Flight Behaviour of Wintering Common Eiders: Implications for Habitat Use and Collision Risk | Larsen, J., Guillemette, M. | April 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| The Effects of a Wind Farm on Birds in a Migration Point: The Strait of Gibraltar | de Lucas, M., Janss, G., Ferrer, M. | February 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| The Influence of Group Size and Social Interactions on Collision Risk with Obstacles | Croft, S., et al. | December 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Behavioral accommodation of nesting hawks to wind turbines | Watson, J., Keren, I, Davies, R. | June 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Raptors |
| Do American Golden-Plovers (Pluvialis dominica) Avoid Wind-energy Turbines in Agricultural Fields in Indiana During Spring Migration? | Homoya, W., et al. | December 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Shorebirds |
| Mammalian Mesocarnivore Visitation at Tortoise Burrows in a Wind Farm | Agha, M., et al. | August 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals |
| Negative Impact of Wind Energy Development on a Breeding Shorebird Assessed with a BACI Study Design | Sansom, A., Pearce-Higgins, J., Douglas, D. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Shorebirds |
| Behavior and Turbine Avoidance Rates of Eagles at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia | Hull, C., Muir, S. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Is a Wind-Power Plant Acting as a Barrier for Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) Movements? | Colman, J., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | N/A |
| Avoidance Behavior by Prairie Grouse: Implications for Development of Wind Energy | Pruett, C., Patten, M., Wolfe, D. | June 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| The Effects of Wind Turbines on Antipredator Behavior in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) | Rabin, L., Coss, R., Owings, D. | August 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Birds, Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Terrestrial Mammals |
| Effects of Wind Turbines and Other Physical Elements on Field Utilization by Pink-Footed Geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A Landscape Perspective | Larsen, J., Madsen, J. | December 2000 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Out of Sight of Wind Turbine-Reindeer Response to Wind Farms in Operation | Skarin, A., Sandström, P, Alam, M. | October 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Terrestrial Mammals |
| Wind turbines impact bat activity, leading to high losses of habitat use in a biodiversity hotspot | Millon, L., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Bats |
| The impact of wind energy facilities on grouse: a systematic review | Coppes, J., et al. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Modeling the spatial effects of disturbance: a constructive critique to provide evidence of ecological thresholds | Powell, L., et al. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Reindeer habitat use in relation to two small wind farms, during preconstruction, construction, and operation | Skarin, A., Alam, M. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Terrestrial Mammals |
| Do human activity and infrastructure disturb domesticated reindeer? The need for the reindeer’s perspective | Skarin, A., Åhman, B. | July 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Terrestrial Mammals |
| Increased Flight Altitudes among Migrating Golden Eagles Suggest Turbine Avoidance at a Rocky Mountain Wind Installation | Johnston, N., Bradley, J., Otter, K. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Raptors |
| A Description of the Biosis Model to Assess Risk of Bird Collisions with Wind Turbines | Smales, I., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Summer Distribution of Semi-Domesticated Reindeer Relative to a New Wind-Power Plant | Colman, J., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | N/A |
| Assessing Risk to Birds from Industrial Wind Energy Development via Paired Resource Selection Models | Miller, T., et al. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Response of Raptors to a Windfarm | Garvin, J., et al. | December 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| The Distribution of Breeding Birds around Upland Wind Farms | Pearce-Higgins, J., et al. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds |
| The Avian Benefits of Wind Energy: A 2009 Update | Sovacool, B. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Avian Collisions at Two Wind Farms in Tasmania, Australia: Taxonomic and Ecological Characteristics of Colliders Versus Non-Colliders | Hull, C., et al. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Bat Activity, Composition, and Collision Mortality At a Large Wind Plant in Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | December 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortalities at a Wind Energy Facility in North Dakota | Bicknell, L., Gilliam, E. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortality and Activity at a Northern Iowa Wind Resource Area | Jain, A., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| It's Not Easy Being Green: Wind Energy and a Declining Grassland Bird | Pruett, C., Patten, M., Wolfe, D. | March 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Behavior of Bats at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Bird Collisions at Wind Turbines in a Mountainous Area Related to Bird Movement Intensities Measured by Radar | Aschwanden, J., et al. | April 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Passerines |
| Bird Collisions with Power Lines: Failing to See the Way Ahead? | Martin, G., Shaw, J. | November 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Bird Mortality at a Wind-Energy Facility near a Wetland of International Importance | Grodsky, S., Jennelle, C., Drake, D. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Canadian Estimate of Bird Mortality Due to Collisions and Direct Habitat Loss Associated with Wind Turbine Developments | Zimmerling, J., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Collision Risk and Micro-Avoidance Rates of Birds with Wind Turbines in Flanders | Everaert, J. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Collision Risk of Birds with Modern Large Wind Turbines | Krijgsveld, K., et al. | October 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Combining radar and direct observation to estimate pelican collision risk at a proposed wind farm on the Cape west coast, South Africa | Jenkins, A., et al. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Differential Mortality of Birds Killed at Wind Farms in Northern Portugal | Morinha, F., et al. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| Direct Mortality of Birds from Anthropogenic Causes | Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Do Terrestrial Animals Avoid Areas Close to Turbines in Functioning Wind Farms in Agricultural Landscapes? | Łopucki, R., Klich, D., Gielarek, S. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Terrestrial Mammals |
| Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Questions, Research Needs, and Hypotheses | Kunz, T., et al. | August 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy | Martinez-Abrain, A., et al. | November 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors, Ecosystem Processes |
| Upland Raptors and the Assessment of Wind Farm Impacts | Madders, M., Whitfield, D. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor | Peron, G., et al. | December 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
| Estimating habitat loss due to wind turbine avoidance by bats: Implications for European siting guidance | Barre, K., et al. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection | Chabot, E., Slater, S. | December 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors |
| Flight Height Distribution and Collision Risk of the Marbled Murrelet Brachyramphus Marmoratus: Methodology and Preliminary Results | Stumpf, J., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds |
| Flight Paths of Migrating Golden Eagles and the Risk Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Rocky Mountains | Johnson, N., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Impacts of wind turbines on redheads in the Laguna Madre | Lange, C., Ballard, B., Collins, D. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis | Pearce-Higgins, J., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures | de Lucas, M., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors |
| Habitat Use, Disturbance and Collision Risks for Bewick's Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii Wintering Near a Wind Farm in the Netherlands | Fijn, R., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Habitat Utilization in White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Displacement Impact of the Smøla Wind-Power Plant | May, R., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
| How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? | Cohn, J. | July 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context | Peste, F., et al. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Impacts of onshore wind energy production on birds and bats: recommendations for future life cycle impact assessment developments | Laranjeiro, T., May, R., Verones, F. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| Influence of landscape and time of year on bat-wind turbines collision risks | Roemer, C., et al. | October 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters | Rodríguez, A., et al. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
| Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments | Smallwood, K., Rugge, L., Morrison, M. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl |
| Seabirds and Offshore Wind Farms in European Waters: Avoidance and Attraction | Dierschke, V., Furness, R., Garthe, S. | October 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
| Predicting the impacts of anthropogenic disturbances on marine populations | Nabe-Nielsen, J., et al. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Disturbance of harbour porpoises during construction of the first seven offshore wind farms in Germany | Brandt, M., et al. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals |
| Seabirds as samplers of the marine environment - a case study of northern gannets | Garthe, S., et al. | April 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds |
| Avoidance of Wind Farms by Harbour Seals is Limited to Pile Driving Activities | Russell, D., et al. | May 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds |
| Soaring Migratory Birds Avoid Wind Farm in the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Southern Mexico | Villegas-Patraca, R., Cabrera-Cruz, S., Herrera-Alsina, L. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds |
| Predicting the impacts of wind farms on seabirds: An individual-based model | Warwick-Evans, V., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds |
| Effect of an Offshore Wind Farm on the Viviparous Eelpout: Biometrics, Brood Development and Population Studies in Lillgrund, Sweden | Langhamer, O., Dahlgren, T., Rosenqvist, G. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance | Fish |
| Seabird Avoidance and Attraction at an Offshore Wind Farm in the Belgian Part of the North Sea | Vanermen, N., et al. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
| Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future | Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals |
| Radar Monitoring of Migrating Pink-Footed Geese: Behavioural Responses to Offshore Wind Farm Development | Plonczkier, P., Simms, I. | August 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Assessing the Impact of Marine Wind Farms on Birds through Movement Modelling | Masden, E., et al. | May 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds |
| Barriers to Movement: Modelling Energetic Costs of Avoiding Marine Wind Farms Amongst Breeding Seabirds | Masden, E., et al. | July 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds |
| Avian Collision Risk at an Offshore Wind Farm | Desholm, M., Kahlert, J. | June 2005 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Bird Migration Studies and Potential Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines | Hüppop, O., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines |
| Bird Movements at Rotor Heights Measured Continuously with Vertical Radar at a Dutch Offshore Wind Farm | Fijn, R., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Passerines, Seabirds |
| Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf | Kelsey, E., et al. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
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