Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Avoidance and attraction responses of kittiwakes to three offshore wind farms in the North Sea Pollock, C.; Johnston, D.; Boersch-Supan, P.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Avoidance & Minimisation of Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind & Grid Infrastructure Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland BlueWise Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Technology Gaps for Monitoring Birds and Marine Mammals at Offshore Wind Facilities Courbis, S.; Williams, K.; Stepanuk, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals
A synthetic analysis of post-construction displacement and attraction of marine birds at offshore wind energy installations Lamb, J.; Gulka, J.; Adams, E.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement Birds
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
Wind Energy: Technologies and Approaches to Help Address Environmental Effects United States Government Accountability Office Report Wind Energy Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States Williams, K.; Gulka, J.; Cook, A.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
A review on the interactions between engineering and marine life: key information for engineering professionals Dobson, T.; Lenchine, V.; Bainbridge, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Environmental Impact Assessment
Towards understanding environmental and cumulative impacts of floating wind farms: Lessons learned from the fixed-bottom offshore wind farms Rezaei, F.; Contestabile, P; Vicinanza, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates
Large-scale effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds of high conservation concern Garthe, S.; Schwemmer, H.; Peschko, V.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Long-term impact on the breeding birds of a semi-offshore island-based wind farm in Åland, Northern Baltic Sea Tanskanen, A.; Yrjola, R.; Oja, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Displacement Birds, Shorebirds
Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Balancing future renewable energy infrastructure siting and associated habitat loss for migrating whooping cranes Ellis, K.; Pearse, A.; Brandt, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment
Reviewing the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms Galparsoro, I.; Menchaca, I.; Garmendia, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse brood success and chick survival in a wind-energy landscape Proett, M.; Roberts, S.; Messmer, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report ORE Catapult; Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation
Unravelling the ecological impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea Lloret, J.; Turiel, A.; Solé, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism
Bat and Bird Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy Development SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds
Commercial Wind Lease and Grant Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Humboldt Wind Energy Area, California Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); BOEM Environmental Studies Program Report Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats Maxwell, S.; Kershaw, F.; Locke, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Investigating avoidance and attraction responses in lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus to offshore wind farms Johnston, D.; Thaxter, C.; Boersch-Supan, P.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Seabirds
South Fork Wind: Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Attraction, avoidance and habitat use at various spatial scales Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Annoyance of residents induced by wind turbine obstruction lights: A cross-country comparison of impact factors Pohl, J.; Rudolph, D.; Lyhne, I.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Land-Based Wind Energy Siting: A Foundational and Technical Resource Christol, C.; Oteri, F.; Laurienti, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Bird Workgroup Report for the State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy 2020: Cumulative Impacts Cook, A.; Williams, K.; Jenkins, E.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds
Modeling Small Scale Impacts of Multi-Purpose Platforms: An Ecosystem Approach Serpetti, N.; Benjamins, S.; Brain, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan Ørsted; Eversource Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
A bird's-eye view on turbulence: seabird foraging associations with evolving surface flow features Lieber, L.; Langrock, R.; Nimmo-Smith, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Changes in Flow Birds, Seabirds
Guidelines for Lighting and Marking of Structures Supporting Renewable Energy Development Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Lighting Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Near-term ecological forecasting for dynamic aeroconservation of migratory birds Horton, K.; Van Doren, B.; Albers, H.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Lighting Birds, Human Dimensions, Navigation
SEER Factsheet SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Stakeholder Workshop: Scientific Research Framework to Understand the Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats in the Eastern United States New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
Telemetry reveals strong effects of offshore wind farms on behaviour and habitat use of common guillemots (Uria aalge) during the breeding season Peschko, V.; Mercker, M.; Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance Birds, Seabirds
Impact of Offshore Wind Farms on Marine Ecosystems, Pelagic Species and Fishing Negro, V.; del Campo, J.; Luengo Frades, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Recreation & Tourism
ThermalTracker-3D: A thermal stereo vision system for quantifying bird and bat activity at offshore wind energy sites Matzner, S.; Warfel, T.; Hull, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance Bats, Birds
Underwater Visual Records of Marine Megafauna Around Offshore Anthropogenic Structures Todd, V.; Lazar, L.; Williamson, L.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles
Summary of Discussions from the Bird and Bat Specialist Committee of the Environmental Technical Working Group (E-TWG) New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Lighting Bats, Birds
Impacts to Wildlife of Wind Energy Siting and Operation in the United States Allison, T.; Diffendorfer, J.; Baerwald, E.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms Defingou, M.; Bils, F.; Horchler, B.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Effect of anthropogenic light on bird movement, habitat selection, and distribution: A systematic map protocol Adams, C.; Blumenthal, A.; Fernández-Juricic, E.; et al. Journal Article Lighting Birds
Attraction of nocturnally migrating birds to artificial light: The influence of colour, intensity and blinking mode under different cloud cover conditions Rebke, M.; Dierschke, V.; Weiner, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Lighting Birds
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters Rodríguez, A.; Arcos, J.; Bretagnolle, V.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
Floating Offshore Wind Energy Technology: Innovation to Commercialization Northeastern University Conference Paper Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds
Effectiveness of a mitigation measure for the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in wind farms in Spain Pescador, M.; Ramírez, J.; Peris, S. Journal Article Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
The influence of wind turbine visibility on the health of local residents: a systematic review Freiberg, A.; Schefter, C.; Hegewald, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Lighting, Noise Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts
Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Kelsey, E.; Felis, J.; Czapanskiy, M.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Assessing bird avoidance of high-contrast lights using a choice test approach: implications for reducing human-induced avian mortality Goller, B.; Blackwell, B.; DeVault, T.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Lighting Birds

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