Abstract
Wind energy is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources globally. Onshore and offshore wind energy provide an abundant source of electricity with significant environmental benefits, including lower atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions during electricity generation. However, the increases in the development of wind energy facilities increases the potential environmental effects of these facilities, including greater use of natural resources like critical materials and steel, decommissioning and recycling difficulties, and ecological effects such as wildlife harm.
This report discusses (1) technologies or approaches to help reduce the potential environmental effects related to the life cycle of utility-scale wind energy projects, (2) challenges that might hinder implementation of these technologies or approaches, and (3) policy options to help address these challenges.
To conduct this technology assessment, GAO reviewed evidence, including articles and other reports; interviewed government, industry, and academic stakeholders; conducted a site visit; and convened an expert meeting with the assistance of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. GAO is identifying policy options in this report.