Fact Sheet: A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions using Ecosystem-Based Management Values

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In the context of land-based and offshore wind energy development, Risk-Based Management (RBM) examines the potential negative effects on birds, bats, terrestrial wildlife, marine mammals, other marine organisms and the habitats or migratory pathways that support them. RBM has the potential to ensure that wildlife protection measures are focused on the factors that pose the highest risks, while maximizing the production of energy.

The risk-based approach that most closely addresses aspects of the complex ecosystems that make up the landscapes/seascapes of wind energy development is Ecosystem Based Management (EBM). EBM includes effects of human activities as well as environmental and ecological factors, using approaches that embrace holistic methods to include human needs and effects in an integrated view for managing resources sustainably.

The Risk-Based Management Fact Sheet was created to provide a broad summary of the IEA Wind White Paper on A Risk-Based Approach for Addressing Wind and Wildlife Interactions Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values.

The table below contains the literature relevant to this summary document and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Altamont Avian Plan: Status Report to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service By the Consortium of Altamont Owners Richard Curry Associates Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Raptors
Wildlife Monitoring Studies: SeaWest Windpower Project, Carbon County, Wyoming: 1995-1999 Johnson, G., Young, D. Jr., Erickson, W., Derby, C., Strickland, D., Good, R. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Shorebirds, Raptors, Birds, Bats
Impacts on Biodiversity of Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources: The Example of Birds and Bats Hötker, H., Thomsen, K., Jeromin, H. Report Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds
A Report on the Perceptions of the Fishing Industry into the Potential Socio-Economic Impacts of Offshore Wind Energy Developments on their Work Patterns and Income Mackinson, S., Curtis, H., Brown, R., McTaggart, K., Taylor, N., Neville, S., Rogers, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative: 2008 Workshop Proceedings Energetics Incorporated Workshop Article Wind Energy Bats
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
An Ecological Risk Assessment of Wind Energy Development in Montana Martin, B., Pearson, A., Bauer, B. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Bats
The State of the Birds United States of America 2009 North American Bird Conservation Initiative Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl
Positive Planning for Onshore Wind Expanding Onshore Wind Energy Capacity while Conserving Nature Bowyer, C., Baldock, D., Tucker, G., Valsecchi, C., Lewis, M., Hjerp, P., Gantioler, S. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
Modelling Human Impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) Bekessy, S., Wintle, B., Gordon, A., Fox, J., Chrisholm, R., Brown, B., Regan, T., Moone, N., Read, S., Burgman, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Wind Turbine Guidelines Advisory Committee Recommendations US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Fish
Report of the Working Group on Marine Mammal Ecology (WGMME) International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A crane movement model parameterized using portable radar for evaluating response to wind energy development Kirsch, E., Diehl, R., Suarez, M. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds, Shorebirds
Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and Managing the Biodiversity Risks and Opportunities of Offshore Renewable Energy Wilhelmsson, D., Malm, T., Thompson, R., Tchou, J., Sarantakos, G., McCormick, N., Luitjens, S., Gullström, M., Edwards, J., Amir, O., Dubi, A. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States: Assessment of Opportunities and Barriers Musial, M., Ram, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Ecosystem Processes
Collision risk of White-fronted Geese with wind turbines Sugimoto, H., Matsuda, H. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors, Waterfowl
Examples of State and International Guidance for Duration and Intensity of Pre-Construction and Post-Construction Monitoring US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Report Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Bat Monitoring Studies at the Fowler Ridge Wind Energy Facility Benton County, Indiana: April 13 – October 15, 2010 Good, R., Erickson, W., Merrill, A., Simon, S., Murray, K., Bay, K., Fritchman, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Integrating Effects of Supplementary Feeding, Poisoning, Pollutant Ingestion and Wind Farms of Two Vulture Species in Spain using a Population Viability Analysis Garcia-Ripolles, C., Lopez, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Chemicals Raptors, Birds
New Insights and New Tools Regarding Risk to Roseate Terns, Piping Plovers, and Red Knots from Wind Facility Operations on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Gordon, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Shorebirds, Seabirds, Birds
Integrated Modelling Tools to Support Risk-Based Decision-Making in Marine Spatial Management Stelzenmüller, V., Schulze, T., Fock, H., Berkenhagen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Fish, Demersal Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Pathways of Effects for Offshore Renewable Energy in Canada Isaacman, L., Daborn, G. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
A Report on National Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Measures Sage-grouse National Technical Team Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
New Zealand Falcon Monitoring and Risk Assessment, Hurunui Wind Farm Meridian Energy Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Raptors, Birds
Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology: The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life Popper, A., Hawkins, A. Book Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions
Research Priorities for Wind Energy and Migratory Wildlife Piorkowski, M., Farnsworth, A., Fry, M., Rohrbaugh, R., Fitzpatrick, J., Rosenberg, K. Journal Article Wind Energy Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Birds, Bats
Topography drives migratory flight altitude of golden eagles: implications for on-shore wind energy development Katzner, T., Brandes, D., Miller, T., Lanzone, M., Maisonneuve, C., Tremblay, J., Mulvihill, R., Merovich, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision Birds
Renewable Energy Respecting Nature: A Synthesis of Knowledge on Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Financed by the Research Council of Norway May, R., Bevanger, K., Djk, J., Petrin, Z., Brende, H. Report Wind Energy
Searchlight Wind Energy Project Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy Tetra Tech Inc. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
A retrospective tiered Environmental Assessment of the Mount Storm Wind Energy Facility, West Virginia, USA Efroymson, R., Day, R., Strickland, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Learning from the Past to Optimise Future Monitoring Programmes Degraer, S., Brabant, R., Rumes, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
ICES SGWTE Report 2013: Report of the Study Group on Environmental Impacts of Wave and Tidal Energy International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Assessment of Offshore Wind Farm Effects on Birds and Needs to Plan their Future Development in Spain Mateos-Rodriguez, M., Muñoz, A., Arroyo, G. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Birds, Seabirds
The Influence of Group Size and Social Interactions on Collision Risk with Obstacles Croft, S., Budgey, R., Pitchford, J., Wood, A. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Power from the Brave New Ocean: Marine Renewable Energy and Ecological Risks Hammar, L. Thesis Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Fish, Demersal Fish
Understanding the Potential for Marine Megafauna Entanglement Risk from Marine Renewable Energy Developments Benjamins, S., Harnois, V., Smith, H., Johanning, L., Greenhill, L., Carter, C., Wilson, B. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
South African Good Practice Guidelines for Operational Monitoring for Bats at Wind Energy Facilities Aronson, J., Richardson, E., MacEwan, K., Jacobs, D., Marais, W., Aiken, S., Sowler, S., Hein, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Bats
Optimizing Conservation Strategies for Mexican Free-Tailed Bats: A Population Viability and Ecosystem Services Approach Wiederholt, R., Lopez-Hoffman, L., Svancara, C., McCracken, G., Thogmartin, W., Diffendorfer, J., Mattson, B., Bagstad, K., Cryan, P., Russell, A., Semmens, D., Medellin, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Bats
Wind Farms and Biodiversity: Improving Environmental Risk Assessments Boothroyd, I., Barea, L. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Ecosystem Processes
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