Abstract
In this study, a set of original methods is introduced to advance the development of socially acceptable offshore wind projects (OWPs) at both global and national scales. Specifically, two complementary approaches are proposed: (1) a preparatory framework designed to support decision-makers in establishing an effective citizen participation process; and (2) a pioneering participatory planning framework aimed at systematically eliciting and integrating citizen perspectives during the early stages of OWP planning, thereby facilitating the identification of socially acceptable installation areas. To achieve these objectives, a semi-structured questionnaire survey was methodically designed using the LimeSurvey platform in conjunction with a probability sampling strategy. The collected primary data were analyzed through a combination of qualitative and quantitative techniques, including descriptive statistical analysis, thematic analysis, and advanced correlation methods, all conducted within the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences. In parallel, a versatile geoprocessing site-suitability model was developed within a Geographic Information System (GIS), enabling GIS-based assessments at multiple stages of the planning process (exclusion and evaluation phases). The proposed framework was applied in Greece, with the active participation of 1802 citizens, thereby demonstrating its capacity to enhance the legitimacy, inclusiveness, and social acceptability of OWP planning outcomes. Importantly, OWPs' social acceptability is shaped by aesthetic and environmental considerations, while citizens' acceptance levels and residence influence placement decisions. Sustainability criteria reveal high installation potential, positioning the South Aegean and the area east of Crete as optimal marine regions. The findings highlight planning guidelines for socially legitimate global OWP roadmaps and robust social impact assessments.