Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Post‐Construction Bat and Bird Fatality Study at the Blue Sky Green Field Wind Energy Center, Fond du Lac County, Wisconsin: July 21, 2008 – October 31, 2008 and March 15, 2009 – June 4, 2009 Gruver, J.; Sonnenburg, M.; Bay, K.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Bats
Bats on the move Popa-Lisseanu, A.; Voigt, C. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Life cycle energy and greenhouse emissions analysis of wind turbines and the effect of size on energy yield Crawford, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
Large Scale Risk-Assessment of Wind-Farms on Population Viability of a Globally Endangered Long-Lived Raptor Carrete, M.; Sanchez-Zapata, J.; Benitez, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
What is the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds? A Case Study in Southern Spain Farfan, M.; Vargas, J.; Duarte, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision Birds
Wind Turbine Sound and Health Effects: An Expert Panel Review Colby, W.; Dobie, R.; Leventhall, G.; et al. Report Wind Energy Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Comparative life-cycle assessment of a small wind turbine for residential off-grid use Fleck, B.; Huot, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
2009 Spring, Summer, and Fall Avian and Bat Surveys Stantec Consulting Report Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors
Pre- and Post-Construction Studies of Conflicts Between Birds and Wind Turbines in Coastal Norway (Bird Wind): Progress Report 2009 Bevanger, K.; Berntsen, F.; Clausen, S.; et al. Report Wind Energy Collision, Habitat Change Birds
Social Movements and Industry Development: The Environmental Movement's Impact on the Wind Energy Industry Vasi, I. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
The Physics Of Geomagnetic-Field Transduction In Animals Winklhofer, M. Journal Article EMF Reptiles, Marine Mammals, Fish, Birds
Spatial Planning of Offshore Wind Farms: A Windfall to Marine Environmental Protection? Punt, M.; Groeneveld, R.; Van Ierland, E.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Marine Spatial Planning, Human Dimensions
Ripley Wind Power Project Post-Construction Monitoring Report Jacques Whitford Stantec Limited Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Comparison of Visual and Digital Aerial Survey Results of Avian Abundance for Round 3, Norfolk Region Burt, L.; Rexstad, E.; Buckland, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds, Seabirds
Modelling Human Impacts on the Tasmanian Wedge-Tailed Eagle (Aquila audax fleayi) Bekessy, S.; Wintle, B.; Gordon, A.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Raptors, Birds
Challenges and Solutions of Remote Sensing at Offshore Wind Energy Developments Kelly, T.; West, T.; Davenport, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Bats, Birds
High Definition Imagery for Surveying Seabirds and Marine Mammals: A Review of Recent Trials and Development of Protocols Thaxter, C.; Burton, N. Report Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
Map-Based Repowering and Reorganization of a Wind Resource Area to Minimize Burrowing Owl and Other Bird Fatalities Smallwood, K.; Neher, L.; Bell, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Proceedings of the Fourth International Partners in Flight Conference: Tundra to Tropics Rich, T.; Arizmendi, C.; Demarest, D.; et al. Conference Paper Wind Energy Birds
Potential Impacts of Wind Farm Energy Development on Upland Game Birds: Questions and Concerns Brennan, L.; Perez, R.; DeMaso, S.; et al. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Port Elizabeth Wind Energy Facility Avifaunal and Bat Impact Assessment Strugnell, L.; Smallie, J.; Patterson-Abrolat, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Birds, Bats
Collision Risk of Birds with Modern Large Wind Turbines Krijgsveld, K.; Akershoek, K.; Schenk, F.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Birds
Post-Construction Avian Monitoring Study for the Shiloh I Wind Power Project Solano County, California Kerlinger, P.; Curry, R.; Culp, L.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Raptors, Birds, Bats
Towers, Turbines, Power Lines, and Buildings-Steps Being Taken by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to Avoid or Minimize Take of Migratory Birds at these Structures Manville, A. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Birds
A Comparison of Offshore Wind Power Development in Europe and the US: Patterns and Drivers of Development Snyder, B.; Kaiser, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
An Integrated Risk Framework for Gigawatt-Scale Deployments of Renewable Energy: The U.S. Wind Energy Case Ram, B. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Life cycle analysis of 4.5 MW and 250 W wind turbines Tremeac, B.; Meunier, F. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Wind Energy Development, Prescribed Fire and Migratory Land Birds in the Southeastern United States: Breeding, Stopover, and Wintering Habitat Relationships Brennan, L.; Ballard, B.; Kuvlesky, W. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Birds
Effects of Hydrographic and Meteorological Factors on Seasonal Seabird Abundance in the Southern North Sea Garthe, S.; Markones, N.; Hüppop, O.; et al. Journal Article Seabirds, Birds
Combining Vessel-Based Surveys and Tracking Data to Identify Key Marine Areas for Seabirds Louzao, M.; Bécares, J.; Rodríguez, B.; et al. Journal Article Birds, Seabirds
Sensitive Grassland Bird Species Habitat Assessment Arkwright Summit Wind Farm Tidhar, D.; Courage, Z.; Young, D. Jr. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Birds
The Distribution of Breeding Birds around Upland Wind Farms Pearce-Higgins, J.; Stephen, L.; Langston, R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Birds
Weight-of-evidence evaluation in environmental assessment: Review of qualitative and quantitative approaches Linkov, I.; Loney, D.; Cormier, S.; et al. Journal Article Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
2008/2009 Annual Report for the Buena Vista Avian and Bat Monitoring Project Insignia Environmental Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Bird species of concern at wind farms in New Zealand Powlesland, R. Book Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Birds
Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California Smallwood, K.; Karas, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Raptors, Birds, Bats
Coastal Process Modelling for Offshore Windfarm Environmental Impact Assessment: Best Practice Guide Lambkin, D.; Harris, J.; Cooper, W.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow Sediment Transport, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments Smallwood, K.; Rugge, L.; Morrison, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Integrated Assessment of Coastal and Marine Changes Using the Example of Offshore Wind Farms: the Coastal Futures Approach Kannen, A.; Burkhard, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions
Strategic Review of Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Data Associated with FEPA Licence Conditions: Birds Budgey, R.; Ormston, C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Birds
Did the Pile Driving during the Construction of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, Impact Local Seabirds? Leopold, M.; Camphuysen, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Seabirds, Birds
Adjustments of Wingbeat Frequency and Air Speed to Air Density in Free-Flying Migratory Birds Schmaljohann, H.; Liechti, F. Journal Article Birds
Re-powering Scotland: Wind Farms and the 'Energy or Environment?' Debate Warren, C.; Birnie, R. Journal Article Wind Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions
Phase 1 - Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia including the Fundy Tidal Energy Demonstration Project Site - Mi’kmaq Ecological Knowledge Study Moore, D.; Hodder, G. Report Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Marine Energy Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Map-Based Repowering of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Based on Burrowing Owl Burrows, Raptor Flights, and Collisions with Wind Turbines Smallwood, K.; Neher, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Birds, Raptors
Comparison of Life Cycle Carbon Dioxide Emissions and Embodied Energy in Four Renewable Electricity Generation Technologies in New Zealand Rule, B.; Worth, Z.; Boyle, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Human Dimensions, Life Cycle Assessment
Sage-Grouse and Wind Energy: Biology, Habits, and Potential Effects from Development Becker, J.; Tagestad, J.; Duberstein, C.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Life Cycle Assessment of Offshore Wind Electricity Generation in Scandinavia Tveten, A. Thesis Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Life Cycle Assessment, Human Dimensions
High Resolution Video Survey of Seabirds and Mammals in the Rhyl Flats Area Hexter, R. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Birds
The Politics of Landscape Value: A Case Study of Wind Farm Conflict in Rural Catalonia Zografos, C.; Martinez-Alier, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement

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