Influencing Parameters on Impact Pile-Driving and Noise Mitigation Measures

Book Chapter

Title: Influencing Parameters on Impact Pile-Driving and Noise Mitigation Measures

Author:

Bellmann, M.; May, A.; Gerlach, S.; Remmers, P.

Publication Date:

October 4, 2024

Book Title:

The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life

Edition:

Chapter:

120

Pages:

1809–1820

Publisher:

Springer Nature

Place Published:

Cham, Switzerland

Affiliation

Institute of Technical and Applied Physics (itap) GmbH

Technology:

Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind

Stressor:

Noise

Language:

English

Document Access

Website:

External Link

Citation

APA
BibTex
RIS

Bellmann, M.; May, A.; Gerlach, S.; Remmers, P. (2024). Influencing Parameters on Impact Pile-Driving and Noise Mitigation Measures In The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life (pp. 1809–1820). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50256-9_13

@inbook{Bellmann-2024-2083970,
author = {Bellmann, M and May, A and Gerlach, S and Remmers, P},
title = {Influencing Parameters on Impact Pile-Driving and Noise Mitigation Measures},
chapter = {120},
publisher = {Springer Nature},
year = {2024},
month = {oct},
booktitle = {The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life},
address = {Cham, Switzerland},
edition = {1},
pages = {1809--1820},
doi = {10.1007/978-3-031-50256-9_13},
url = {https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-031-50256-9_13},
keywords = {Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Noise},
}

Export Citation to BibTex

TY - CHAP
TI - Influencing Parameters on Impact Pile-Driving and Noise Mitigation Measures
AU - Bellmann, M
AU - May, A
AU - Gerlach, S
AU - Remmers, P
T2 - The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life
AB - Currently, the impact pile-driving procedure is the most commonly used installation method for foundation structures in offshore wind farms (OWF). Thereby, the foundation structures are driven into the sediment (seabed) by using a hydraulic (impact) hammer. The pile-driving works result in noise immissions (pile driving noise) in the water body, which can potentially be harmful to marine life, especially to the noise sensitive species like harbor porpoises (e.g., Lucke, Siebert, Lepper, Blanchet, J Acoust Soc Am 125:4060 4070, 2009; Southall, Finneran, Reichmuth, Nachtigall, Ketten, Bowles, Ellison, Nowacek, Tyack, Aquat Mamm 45:125–232, 2019). However, since 2011, any impact pile-driving activity shall comply with the German noise mitigation values of 160 dB for the 5% exceedance level of the single strike sound exposure level SEL05 and 190 dB for the zero-to-peak sound pressure level Lp,pk at a distance of 750 m to the source. Up to the end of 2019, more than 2400 piles were installed in Germany (North Sea and Baltic Sea) by using impact piling with and without noise mitigation measures. Most of the underwater noise measurement data and the lessons learnt by using different noise mitigation systems (NMS) and/or noise abatement systems (NAS) were not published or are not publicly available. Within the funded R&D-project NavES (Bellmann, Brinkmann, May, Wendt, Gerlach, Remmers, Underwater noise during the impulse pile-driving procedure: Influencing factors on pile-driving noise and technical possibilities to comply with noise mitigation values. Supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU)), FKZ UM16 881500. Commissioned and managed by the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)), Order No. 10036866. Edited by the itap GmbH. https://www.itap.de/media/experience_report_underwater_era-report.pdf, 2020), the most influencing project- and site-specific parameters for impact pile-driving noise were identified by a cross-project analysis, based on the German noise registry database MarinEARS (https://marinears.bsh.de). Furthermore, the lessons learnt with applied NMS as well as NAS were summarized. The most influencing parameters on unmitigated pile-driving noise are: (i) pile diameter, (ii) blow energy, (iii) foundation type, and (iv) bathymetry/transmission loss. Currently, only two close-to-pile NAS (Hydro Sound Damper – HSD and noise mitigation screen/cofferdam) as well as one far-from-pile NAS, the single or double Big Bubble Curtain (BBC/DBBC), are offshore reliable and were used in serial applications. With one NAS, a broadband noise reduction between 10 and 16 dB can be achieved. By applying two independent NAS, up to 20 dB for the SEL can be obtained. Slightly higher noise reductions are possible for the Lp,pk. The effectiveness of all NAS significantly depends on frequency: increasing frequency results in increased noise reduction. But also, other parameters, like water depth or current, partly have effects on the achieved noise reduction. At present, only one reliable and robust NMS – the noise-optimized piling procedure – can be used, which leads to an overall noise reduction of 2–3 dB by halving the used blow energy.
CY - Cham, Switzerland
DA - 2024/10//
PY - 2024
ET - 1
SP - 1809–1820
PB - Springer Nature
UR - https://link.springer.com/rwe/10.1007/978-3-031-50256-9_13
DO - 10.1007/978-3-031-50256-9_13
U1 - Institute of Technical and Applied Physics (itap) GmbH
LA - English
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Fixed Offshore Wind
KW - Noise
ER -

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Abstract

Currently, the impact pile-driving procedure is the most commonly used installation method for foundation structures in offshore wind farms (OWF). Thereby, the foundation structures are driven into the sediment (seabed) by using a hydraulic (impact) hammer. The pile-driving works result in noise immissions (pile driving noise) in the water body, which can potentially be harmful to marine life, especially to the noise sensitive species like harbor porpoises (e.g., Lucke, Siebert, Lepper, Blanchet, J Acoust Soc Am 125:4060 4070, 2009; Southall, Finneran, Reichmuth, Nachtigall, Ketten, Bowles, Ellison, Nowacek, Tyack, Aquat Mamm 45:125–232, 2019). However, since 2011, any impact pile-driving activity shall comply with the German noise mitigation values of 160 dB for the 5% exceedance level of the single strike sound exposure level SEL05 and 190 dB for the zero-to-peak sound pressure level Lp,pk at a distance of 750 m to the source. Up to the end of 2019, more than 2400 piles were installed in Germany (North Sea and Baltic Sea) by using impact piling with and without noise mitigation measures. Most of the underwater noise measurement data and the lessons learnt by using different noise mitigation systems (NMS) and/or noise abatement systems (NAS) were not published or are not publicly available. Within the funded R&D-project NavES (Bellmann, Brinkmann, May, Wendt, Gerlach, Remmers, Underwater noise during the impulse pile-driving procedure: Influencing factors on pile-driving noise and technical possibilities to comply with noise mitigation values. Supported by the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und nukleare Sicherheit (BMU)), FKZ UM16 881500. Commissioned and managed by the Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (Bundesamt für Seeschifffahrt und Hydrographie (BSH)), Order No. 10036866. Edited by the itap GmbH. https://www.itap.de/media/experience_report_underwater_era-report.pdf, 2020), the most influencing project- and site-specific parameters for impact pile-driving noise were identified by a cross-project analysis, based on the German noise registry database MarinEARS (https://marinears.bsh.de). Furthermore, the lessons learnt with applied NMS as well as NAS were summarized. The most influencing parameters on unmitigated pile-driving noise are: (i) pile diameter, (ii) blow energy, (iii) foundation type, and (iv) bathymetry/transmission loss. Currently, only two close-to-pile NAS (Hydro Sound Damper – HSD and noise mitigation screen/cofferdam) as well as one far-from-pile NAS, the single or double Big Bubble Curtain (BBC/DBBC), are offshore reliable and were used in serial applications. With one NAS, a broadband noise reduction between 10 and 16 dB can be achieved. By applying two independent NAS, up to 20 dB for the SEL can be obtained. Slightly higher noise reductions are possible for the L_p,pk. The effectiveness of all NAS significantly depends on frequency: increasing frequency results in increased noise reduction. But also, other parameters, like water depth or current, partly have effects on the achieved noise reduction. At present, only one reliable and robust NMS – the noise-optimized piling procedure – can be used, which leads to an overall noise reduction of 2–3 dB by halving the used blow energy.