Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Avoidance & Minimisation of Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind & Grid Infrastructure Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement
Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland BlueWise Marine Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
A decade of curtailment studies demonstrates a consistent and effective strategy to reduce bat fatalities at wind turbines in North America Whitby, M.; O'Mara, M.; Hein, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf, Offshore Oregon Final Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); US Army Corps of Engineers; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Flight behaviour of Red Kites within their breeding area in relation to local weather variables: Conclusions with regard to wind turbine collision mitigation Aschwanden, J.; Stark, H.; Liechti, F. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Potential for spatial coexistence of a transboundary migratory species and wind energy development Huang, T-K.; Feng, X.; Derbridge, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Context-dependent effects of wind turbines on bats in rural landscapes Sotillo, A.; Le Viol, I.; Barre, K.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats
Global Review on Environmental Impacts of Onshore Wind Energy in the Field of Tension between Human Societies and Natural Systems Sander, L.; Jung, C.; Schindler, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Global Review on Environmental Impacts of Onshore Wind Energy and Their Implications for Forest Ecosystems Sander, L.; Jung, C.; Schindler, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations Danovaro, R.; Bianchelli, S.; Brambilla, P.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Modeling the impact of floating offshore wind turbines on marine food webs in the Gulf of Lion, France Adge, M.; Lobry, J.; Tessier, A.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States Williams, K.; Gulka, J.; Cook, A.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds
Toward solving the global green–green dilemma between wind energy production and bat conservation Voigt, C.; Bernard, E.; Huang, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Bats
Primary vs grey: A critical evaluation of literature sources used to assess the impacts of offshore wind farms Szostek, C.; Edwards-Jones, A.; Beaumont, N.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats Special Initiative on Offshore Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds
Wind energy development can lead to guild-specific habitat loss in boreal forest bats McKay, R.; Johns, S.; Bischof, R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Bats
Does size matter? Investigation of the effect of wind turbine size on bird and bat mortality Garvin, J.; Simonis, J.; Taylor, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Geographic source of bats killed at wind-energy facilities in the eastern United States Wieringa, J.; Nagel, J.; Campbell, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Bilan annuel 2023 des études environnementales sur le parc éolien en mer de Saint-Nazaire Parc eolien en mer de St Nazaire Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Bats, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Localized Eco-Climatic Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms: A Review Ze, J.; Xiuchun, Y.; Ang, C. ; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment
Experimental trials of species-specific bat flight responses to an ultrasonic deterrent Fritts, S.; Guest, E.; Weaver, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Forest bat activity declines with increasing wind speed in proximity of operating wind turbines Ellerbrok, J.; Farwig, N.; Peter, F.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Noise Bats
Die Auswirkungen von Windenergieanlagen an Waldstandorten auf Fledermäuse Voigt, C.; Scholz, C.; Ellerbrok, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Numbers of wildlife fatalities at renewable energy facilities in a targeted development region Conkling, T.; Fesnock, A.; Katzner, T. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Understanding fatality patterns and sex ratios of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) at wind energy facilities in western California and Texas LiCari, S.; Hale, A.; Weaver, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Grand Challenges Revisited: Wind Energy Research Needs for a Global Energy Transition Veers, P.; Dykes, K.; Baranowski, R.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Disentangling mechanisms responsible for wind energy effects on European bats Leroux, C.; Le Viol, I.; Valet, N.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
BatTool: projecting bat populations facing multiple stressors using a demographic model Wiens, A.; Schorg, A.; Szymanski, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Bats
Revealing the ecological impact of low-speed mountain wind power on vegetation and soil erosion in South China: A case study of a typical wind farm in Yunnan Ma, B.; Yang, J.; Chen, X.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Environmental Impact Assessment
Wind turbine power and land cover effects on cumulative bat deaths Moustakas, A.; Georgiakakis, P.; Kret, E.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
The Importance of Addressing Disagreements Between Nominal and Effective Treatments During Bat Mortality Minimization Validation Studies Clerc, J.; Hein, C.; Huso, M. Presentation Wind Energy Collision Bats, Human Dimensions
Post-construction Bird and Bat Fatality Monitoring for Onshore Wind Energy Facilities in Emerging Market Countries: Good Practice Handbook and Decision Support Tool International Finance Corporation Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions
Bat Behavior at Commercial Wind Turbines as Revealed by 3-D Thermal Videography Aghababian, S. Thesis Wind Energy Collision Bats
Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: Discussion Paper on the Challenges and Potential Opportunities Around the Colocation of Offshore Wind Energy with Marine Protected Areas Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Bat mortality in wind farms of southern Europe: temporal patterns and implications in the current context of climate change del Mar Salguero, M.; De la Cruz, A.; Munoz, A-R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds, Human Dimensions, Climate Change
Bat and Bird Data Analysis and Results Summary: Progress Report #5 Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy Noise Bats, Birds
Spatiotemporal occurrence of bats at the southern North Sea 2017-2020 Lagerveld, S.; Geelhoed, S.; Wilkes, T.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Bats, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
High Bat Fatality Rates Estimated at Wind Farms in Southern Spain Sanchez-Navarro, S.; Gálvez-Ruiz, D.; Rydell, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats
Bird Protection Zones in a Wind Park by Ka-Band Radar Surveillance: Field Results from the Wind Testing Site WINSENT Malzer, M.; Burhenn, M.; Beck, S.; et al. Conference Paper Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Seasonal patterns of bird and bat collision fatalities at wind turbines Lloyd, J.; Butryn, R.; Pearman-Gillman, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats, Birds
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Construction and Operations Plan for Commercial Lease OCS Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind, LLC Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement Bats, Birds, Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
Sex Ratios of Brazilian Free-Tailed Bat (Tadarida brasiliensis) Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in California and Texas LiCari, S. Thesis Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision Bats
Ocean Wind 1 Construction and Operations Plan Ocean Wind 1 Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
2023 North American State of the Bats Report Bat Conservation International Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Bats
Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae are attracted by low-frequency noise simulating that of operating offshore wind farms Cresci, A.; Zhang, G.; Durif, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Noise Fish, Pelagic Fish
Ornithological and Marine Fauna Aerial Digital Survey: First Semiannual Report Normandeau Associates Inc Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Standardised and referenced acoustic monitoring reliably estimates bat fatalities at wind turbines: comments on 'Limitations of acoustic monitoring at wind turbines to evaluate fatality risk of bats' Behr, O.; Barre, K.; Bontadina, F.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy Collision Bats, Birds
Drivers of bat activity at wind turbines advocate for mitigating bat exposure using multicriteria algorithm-based curtailment Barre, K.; Froidevaux, J.; Sotillo, A.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change Bats
Spatial Trade-Offs in National Land-Based Wind Power Production in Times of Biodiversity and Climate Crises Grimsrud, K.; Hagem, C.; Haaskjold, K.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Climate Change

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