The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Static magnetic fields reduce swimming activity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae | Cresci, A.; Durif, C.; Larsen, T.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Red rock crab (Cancer productus) movement is not influenced by electromagnetic fields produced by a submarine power transmission cable | Williams, J.; Jaco, E.; Scholz, Z.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Effects of anthropogenic magnetic fields on the behavior of a major predator of the intertidal and subtidal zones, the velvet crab Necora puber | Albert, L.; Olivier, F.; Jolivet, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Towards understanding environmental and cumulative impacts of floating wind farms: Lessons learned from the fixed-bottom offshore wind farms | Rezaei, F.; Contestabile, P; Vicinanza, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Effect of electromagnetic fields from renewable energy subsea power cables on righting reflex and physiological response of coastal invertebrates | Chapman, E.; Rochas, C.; Piper, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: Discussion Paper on the Challenges and Potential Opportunities Around the Colocation of Offshore Wind Energy with Marine Protected Areas | Stephenson, P. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| Offshore wind project-level monitoring in the Northeast U.S. continental shelf ecosystem: evaluating the potential to mitigate impacts to long-term scientific surveys | Methratta, E.; Lipsky, A.; Boucher, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Habitat Change | Fish, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Introducing energy into marine environments: A lab-scale static magnetic field submarine cable simulation and its effects on sperm and larval development on a reef forming serpulid | Oliva, M.; De Marchi, L.; Cuccaro, A.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
| Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) from subsea power cables in the natural marine environment | Gill, A.; Hutchison, Z.; Desender, M. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF | ||
| EDEN 2000: Exploring Options For A Nature-Proof Development of Offshore Wind Farms Inside A Natura 2000 Area | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Vanaverbeke, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| What are the potential effects of the electromagnetic fields produced by offshore wind farm power cables on marine organisms? | Henry, S.; Carlier, A.; Chauvaud, S.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Maryland Offshore Wind Project: Offshore Electric and Magnetic Field Assessment | Exponent Inc. | Report | Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Marine Mammals | |
| Maryland Offshore Wind Project: Onshore Magnetic-Field Assessment | Exponent Inc. | Report | Wind Energy | EMF | ||
| Magnetic Field Limit and Potential Impact of Offshore Wind Farm Submarine Cables in Ecosystems | Li, X.; Chen, J.; Zhan, H.; et al. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish | |
| European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future | Soukissian, T.; O’Hagan, A-M.; Azzellino, A.; et al. | Report | Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data | |
| Evaluation of the Effects of Electrical Stimulation: A Pilot Experiment on the Marine Benthic Foraminiferal Species Amphistegina lessonii | Rebecchi, F.; Lattanzi, D.; Abramovich, S.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
| 5th ScotMER Symposium: Energy Emissions | Marine Scotland | Presentation | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Noise | ||
| Revolution Wind COP Appendix Q1: Offshore Electric- and Magnetic- Field Assessment | Exponent Inc. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions | |
| Magnetic fields generated by submarine power cables have a negligible effect on the swimming behavior of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) juveniles | Durif, C.; Nyqvist, D.; Taormina, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Pelagic Fish | |
| Insights from the management of offshore energy resources: Toward an ecosystem-services based management approach for deep-ocean industries | Bravo, M.; Brandt, M.; van der Grient, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Social & Economic Data | |
| Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields from 0 to 100 MHz on Fauna and Flora: Workshop Report | Pophof, B.; Henschenmacher, B.; Kattnig, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | EMF | Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Electromagnetic Field Impacts on American Eel Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables | Hutchison, Z.; Sigray, P.; Gill, A.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish | |
| FLOATGEN floating wind turbine environmental monitoring report, SEM-REV test site | Reynaud, M.; Le Bouhris, E.; Soulard, T.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF, Noise | Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
| A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea | Stephenson, P. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality | |
| Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Submarine Power Cables Can Trigger Strength-Dependent Behavioural and Physiological Responses in Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) | Scott, K.; Harsanyi, P.; Easton, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Draft Preliminary Environmental Assessment: Vandenberg Offshore Wind Energy Projects | California State Lands Commission | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts | |
| Sea Turtle Workgroup Report for the State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy 2020: Cumulative Impacts | Gitschlag, G.; Perry, R.; Williams, K.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Reptiles | |
| Map-like use of Earth’s magnetic field in sharks | Keller, B.; Putnam, N.; Grubbs, R.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish | ||
| Environmental impacts of offshore wind installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning activities: A case study of Brazil | Hernández Carrascal, O.; Shadman, M.; Amiri, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities | Farr, H.; Ruttenberg, B.; Walter, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| A call to assess the impacts of electromagnetic fields from subsea cables on the movement ecology of marine migrants | Klimley, A.; Putnam, N.; Keller, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Characterisation of the Potential Impacts of Subsea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Renewable Energy Projects | Taormina, B.; Quillienn, N.; Lejart, M.; et al. | Report | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates | |
| A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: considerations for marine renewable energy development | Hutchison, Z.; Gill, A.; Sigray, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan | Ørsted; Eversource | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
| An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea | Zburlea, L.; Rusu, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
| Effects of magnetic fields related to submarine power cables on the behaviour of larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Jakubowska, M.; Greszkiewicz, M.; Fey, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, EMF | Fish | |
| Vineyard Wind 1 Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Review of the Impacts to Marine Fauna from Electromagnetic Frequencies (EMF) Generated by Energy Transmitted through Undersea Electric Transmission Cables | Bilinski, J. | Report | Wind Energy | EMF | ||
| South Fork Wind Farm and South Fork Export Cable Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy | EMF | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Installation and operational effects of a HVDC submarine cable in a continental shelf setting: Bass Strait, Australia | Sherwood, J.; Chidgey, S.; Crockett, P.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF, Habitat Change | Invertebrates | ||
| Behavioral responses of sub-adult Atlantic Sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus) to electromagnetic and magnetic fields under laboratory conditions | McIntyre, A.; Janeski, T.; Garman, G.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Effects of EMF Emissions from Undersea Electric Cables on Coral Reef Fishes | Jermain, R. | Thesis | EMF | Fish | ||
| Appendix O Summary of Current Information Related to Electromagnetic Field Impacts on Fish and LEEDCo Proposed Transmission Cable | Verhamme, E.; Daley, J.; Peterson, G. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Aversive responses of captive sandbar sharks Carcharhinus plumbeus to strong magnetic fields | Siegenthaler, A.; Niemantsverdriet, P.; Laterveer, M.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Pelagic Fish | ||
| Effect of magnetic pulses on Caribbean spiny lobsters: implications for magnetoreception | Ernst, D.; Lohmann, K. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
| Pulse trawl fishing: characteristics of the electrical stimulation and the effect on behaviour and injuries of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) | de Haan, D.; Fosseidengen, J. ; Fjelldal, P.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | ||
| Guidelines For Environmental Impact Studies On Marine Biodiversity For Offshore Windfarm Projects In The Baltic Sea Region | Baltic Environmental Forum – Latvia | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Modeling Magnetic Fields from a DC Power Cable Buried Beneath San Francisco Bay Based on Empirical Measurements | Kavet, R.; Wyman, M.; Klimley, A. | Journal Article | EMF | |||
| Potential Impact of Submarine Power Cables on Crab Harvest | Bull, A.; Nishimoto, M. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, EMF | Invertebrates | |
| The potential impacts of submarine power cables on benthic elasmobranchs | Orr, M. | Thesis | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish |
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