The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
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Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations | Danovaro, R.; Bianchelli, S.; Brambilla, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Reduced survival in a soaring bird breeding in wind turbine proximity along the northern Baltic Sea coast | Nebel, C.; Stjernberg, T.; Tikkanen, H.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Environmental impacts from large scale offshore renewable energy deployment | Ouro, P.; Fernandez, R; Armstrong, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport | |
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts | White, C.; Wang, Y-H; Walter, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Entanglement | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States | Williams, K.; Gulka, J.; Cook, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds | |
Autonomous thermal tracking reveals spatiotemporal patterns of seabird activity relevant to interactions with floating offshore wind facilities | Schneider, S.; Kramer, S.; Bernstein, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds | |
Primary vs grey: A critical evaluation of literature sources used to assess the impacts of offshore wind farms | Szostek, C.; Edwards-Jones, A.; Beaumont, N.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions | |
Short Science Summary: Raptor Monitoring and Minimization Technologies | WREN | Summary | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast [2024] | Rockwood, R.; Salas, L.; Howar, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
A standardized protocol for assessing the performance of automatic detection systems used in onshore wind power plants to reduce avian mortality | Ballester, C.; Dupont, S.; Corbeau, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
Geese migrating over the Pacific Ocean select altitudes coinciding with offshore wind turbine blades | Weiser, E.; Overton, C.; Douglas, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Waterfowl | |
Wind Farms and Power Lines Reduced the Territory Status and Probability of Fledgling Production in the Eurasian Goshawk Accipiter gentilis | Husby, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Birds, Raptors | |
Does size matter? Investigation of the effect of wind turbine size on bird and bat mortality | Garvin, J.; Simonis, J.; Taylor, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on common guillemots (Uria aalge) in the southern North Sea - climate versus biodiversity? | Peschko, V.; Schwemmer, H.; Mercker, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Localized Eco-Climatic Impacts of Onshore Wind Farms: A Review | Ze, J.; Xiuchun, Y.; Ang, C. ; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment | |
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat | Fielding, A.; Anderson, D.; Benn, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
Behavioural responses of Sandwich terns following the construction of offshore wind farms | Thaxter, C.; Green, R.; Collier, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) | Stokke, B.; Dahl, E.; Kleven, O.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines | Cook, A.; Humphreys, E.; Masden, E.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Assessing the Influence of Wind Turbines and Land-use on Mortality Risk of Avian Species on the Llano Estacado with Emphasis on Birds of Prey | Linner, K. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction | Birds | |
Nest Survival of Red-Winged Blackbirds in Agricultural Areas Developed for Wind Energy | Gillespie, M.; Dinsmore, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Collision | Passerines, Birds | |
Empirical Evidence for Factors Affecting Searcher Efficiency and Scavenging Rates at a Coastal, Terrestrial Wind-Power Facility | Peters, K.; Mizrahi, D.; Allen, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds, Bats | |
Study of the Wildlife of Jhimpir Wind Corridor, District Thatta, Sindh and Development of Bird Monitoring Strategy in the Area | Ghalib, S.; Khan, M.; Ahmed, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Birds | |
Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy for Invenergy's Pleasant Ridge Wind Project | Invenergy Canada | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Understanding Bird Collisions at Wind Farms: An Updated Review on the Causes and Possible Mitigation Strategies | Marques, A.; Batalha, H.; Rodrigues, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds | |
Warning Sounds and Color for Reducing Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines | Khan, S. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Wind and Wildlife Fauna Collisions with Wind Turbines: Effects and Impacts, Individuals and Populations. What Are We Trying to Assess? | Smales, I. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
The challenges and possible solutions of horizontal axis wind turbines as a clean energy solution for the future | Ahmed, N.; Cameron, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
A Special Purpose: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Wind Energy | Rose, R. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
What Flight Heights Tell Us About Foraging and Potential Conflicts with Wind Farms: A Case Study in Lesser Black-Backed Gulls (Larus fuscus) | Corman, A.; Garthe, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Seabirds, Birds | |
A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities | Erickson, W.; Wolfe, M.; Bay, K.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future | Bailey, H.; Brookes, K.; Thompson, P. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction | Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes, Birds | |
Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms | Bradbury, G.; Trinder, M.; Furness, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
Historical Challenges of Wind Energy/Wildlife Interactions: How This May Affect Distributed Wind | Sinclair, K. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Collision | Birds, Bats | |
No evidence of displacement due to wind turbines in breeding grassland birds | Hale, A.; Hatchett, E.; Meyer, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Assessing Bat and Bird Fatality Risk at Wind Farm Sites using Acoustic Detectors | Heist, K. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration | Krijgsveld, K. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
Home Range and Resource Selection by GPS-Monitored Adult Golden Eagles in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion: Implications for Wind Power Development | Watson, J.; Duff, A.; Davies, R. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Collision | Raptors, Birds | |
Lake Michigan Offshore Wind Feasibility Assessment | Boezaart, A.; Edmonson, J.; Standridge, C.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Social & Economic Data, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats | |
Fuzzy Clustering in Avian Infrared Imagery Application | Mirzaei, G.; Ross, J.; Jamali, M.; et al. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Assessing Northern Gannet Avoidance of Offshore Windfarms | Rehfisch, M.; Barrett, Z.; Brown, L.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Seabirds, Birds | |
Searches for Dead Birds in Smøla Wind-Power Plant Area 2011-2013 | Reitan, O. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Birds | |
Wind Farms Threaten Southern Africa's Cliff-Nesting Vultures | Rushworth, I.; Kruger, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Collision | Birds | |
Grande Prairie Wind Farm Bird and Bat Conservation Strategy | Stantec Consulting | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds | |
Final Site-Wide Environmental Assessment Department of Energy's National Wind Technology Center Golden, Colorado at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory | National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Hatchet Ridge Wind Farm Post-Construction Mortality Monitoring Comprehensive Three Year Report | Tetra Tech Inc. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Environmental risk evaluation system—an approach to ranking risk of ocean energy development on coastal and estuarine environments | Copping, A.; Hanna, L.; Van Cleve, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
Design and Initial Component Tests of an Integrated Avian and Bat Collision Detection System for Offshore Wind Turbines | Flowers, J.; Albertani, R.; Harrison, T.; et al. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Wolfe Island Wind Plant Post-Construction Follow-up Plan Bird and Bat Resource | Stantec Consulting | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors |
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