The evidence base for underwater noise consists of 30 key documents that define what we understand about the risk of underwater noise generated from marine renewable energy devices to marine animals. The initial evidence base was presented and reviewed by experts during workshops at EWTEC 2019, at OREC 2019, and in Australia in 2019. Additional information on underwater noise can be found the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 4), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.
View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underwater Noise of Two Operational Tidal Stream Turbines: A Comparison | Risch, D., Marmo, B., van Geel, N., Gillespie, D., Hastie, G., Sparling, C., Onoufriou, J., Wilson, B. | Book Chapter | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | ||
| Acoustic Characterization around the CalWave Wave Energy Converter | Raghukumar, K., Heal, K., Chang, G., Spada, F. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | ||
| Marine energy converters: Potential acoustic effects on fishes and aquatic invertebrates | Popper, A., Haxel, J., Staines, G., Guan, S., Nedelec, S., Roberts, L., Deng, Z. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Noise | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Modeling the acoustic noise from a wave energy converter farm and its impact on marine mammals at the PacWave South site, offshore Newport Oregon | Harding, J., Preston, L., Johnson, E., Roberts, J., Jones, C., Raghukumar, K., Hafla, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | Marine Mammals | |
| Managing human activity and marine mammals: A biologically based, relativistic risk assessment framework | Southall, B., Tollit, D., Amaral, J., Clark, C., Ellison, W. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise | Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
| Underwater Noise Measurements around a Tidal Turbine in a Busy Port Setting | Haxel, J., Zang, X., Martinez, J., Polagye, B., Staines, G., Deng, Z., Wosnik, M., O'Byrne, P. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | ||
| A brief overview of current approaches for underwater sound analysis and reporting | van Geel, N., Risch, D., Wittich, A. | Journal Article | Noise | |||
| Project Summary of Outcomes and Results of Wave Energy in Southern Europe (WESE) Project | Bald, J., Uyarra, M., Menchaca, I., Pouso, S., Uriarte, A., Garlsparsoro, I., de Santiago, I., Muxika, I., Simas, T., Vinagre, P., Machado, I., Apolonia, M., Cruz E., Chainho, P., Gonçalvez, J., Enciso, Y., Marina, D., Zubiate, L., Etxaniz, P., de Miguel, B., Madrid, E., Felis, I., Martinez, R., Chambel, J., Moitinho, L., Bartolomeu, S., Santos, H., Galvão, P., Basos, N., Moura, T., Nyman, M., Pech, M. | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave | EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
| A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy | Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave | Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | ||
| Cavitation observations, underwater radiated noise measurements and full-scale predictions of the Hydro-Spinna turbine | Rosli, R., Shi, W., Aktas, B., Norman, R., Atlar, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | ||
| Acoustic impact of a wave energy converter in Mediterranean shallow waters | Buscaino, G., Mattiazzo, G., Sannino, G., Papale, E., Bracco, G., Grammauta, R., Carillo, A., Kenny, J., De Cristofaro, N., Ceraulo, M., Mazzola, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | Fish | |
| Providing ecological context to anthropogenic subsea noise: Assessing listening space reductions of marine mammals from tidal energy devices | Pine, M., Schmitt, P., Culloch, R., Lieber, L., Kregting, L. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Noise characterization of a subsea tidal kite | Schmitt, P., Pine, M., Culloch, R., Lieber, L., Kregting, L. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | ||
| Marine Mammal Behavioral Response to Tidal Turbine Sound | Robertson, F., Wood, J., Joslin, J., Joy, R., Polagye, B. | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Modeling underwater noise propagation from marine hydrokinetic power devices through a time-domain, velocity-pressure solution | Halfa, E., Johnson, E., Johnson, C., Preston, L., Aldridge, D., Roberts, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Noise | ||
| Modeling underwater noise propagation from marine hydrokinetic power devices through a time-domain, velocity-pressure solution | Halfa, E., Johnson, E., Johnson, C., Preston, L., Aldridge, D., Roberts, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Noise | ||
| Harbour Seals Avoid Tidal Turbine Noise: Implications for Collision Risk | Hastie, G., Russell, D., Lepper, P., Elliot, J., Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Thompson, D. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Measuring Changes in Ambient Noise Levels from the Installation and Operation of a Surge Wave Energy Converter in the Coastal Ocean | Henkel, S., Haxel, J. | Report | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | ||
| Underwater operational noise level emitted by a tidal current turbine and its potential impact on marine fauna | Lossent, J., Gervaise, C., Iorio, L., Folegot, T., Clorennec, D., Lejart, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
| Effects of hydrokinetic turbine sound on the behavior of four species of fish within an experimental mesocosm | Schramm, M., Bevelhimer, M., Scherelis, C. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish | |
| Underwater Sound Levels at a Wave Energy Device Testing Facility in Falmouth Bay, UK | Garrett, J., Witt, M., Johanning, L. | Book Chapter | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | ||
| Measurement of Underwater Operational Noise Emitted by Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices | Lepper, P., Robinson, S. | Book Chapter | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave | Noise | ||
| Understanding the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance for Marine Mammals | Harwood, J., King, S., Booth, C., Donovan, C., Schick, R., Thomas, L., New, L. | Book Chapter | Noise | Marine Mammals | ||
| Characterizing Large River Sounds: Providing Context for Understanding the Environmental Effects of Noise Produced by Hydrokinetic Turbines | Bevelhimer, M., Deng, D., Scherelis, C. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Riverine | Noise | ||
| MaRVEN - Environmental Impacts of Noise, Vibrations and Electromagnetic Emissions from Marine Renewable Energy | Thomsen, F., Gill, A., Kosecka, M., Andersson, M., André, M., Degraer, S., Folegot, T., Gabriel, J., Judd, A., Neumann, T., Norro, A., Risch, D., Sigray, P., Wood, D., Wilson, B. | Report | Marine Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, EMF | ||
| Field Testing a Full-Scale Tidal Turbine Part 3: Acoustic Characteristics | Schmitt, P., Elsaesser, B., Coffin, M., Hood, J., Starzmann, R. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Tidal | Noise | ||
| Discussion of the Effects of the Underwater Noise Radiated by a Wave Energy Device - Portugal | Cruz, E., Simas, T., Kasanen, E. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Underwater Noise from a Wave Energy Converter Is Unlikely to Affect Marine Mammals | Tougaard, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | Marine Mammals | |
| Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2013 Environmental Monitoring Report | ORPC Maine | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal | Human Dimensions | ||
| Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts | Haikonen, K., Sundberg, J., Leijon, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise | ||
| Acoustic Environmental Monitoring - Wello Penguin Cooling System Noise Study | Beharie, R., Side, J. | Report | Marine Energy, Wave | Noise |