Underwater Noise Evidence Base

The evidence base for underwater noise consists of 30 key documents that define what we understand about the risk of underwater noise generated from marine renewable energy devices to marine animals. The initial evidence base was presented and reviewed by experts during workshops at EWTEC 2019, at OREC 2019, and in Australia in 2019. Additional information on underwater noise can be found the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 4), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.

View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Underwater Noise of Two Operational Tidal Stream Turbines: A Comparison Risch, D., Marmo, B., van Geel, N., Gillespie, D., Hastie, G., Sparling, C., Onoufriou, J., Wilson, B. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Tidal Noise
Acoustic Characterization around the CalWave Wave Energy Converter Raghukumar, K., Heal, K., Chang, G., Spada, F. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave Noise
Marine energy converters: Potential acoustic effects on fishes and aquatic invertebrates Popper, A., Haxel, J., Staines, G., Guan, S., Nedelec, S., Roberts, L., Deng, Z. Journal Article Marine Energy Noise Fish, Invertebrates
Modeling the acoustic noise from a wave energy converter farm and its impact on marine mammals at the PacWave South site, offshore Newport Oregon Harding, J., Preston, L., Johnson, E., Roberts, J., Jones, C., Raghukumar, K., Hafla, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Noise Marine Mammals
Managing human activity and marine mammals: A biologically based, relativistic risk assessment framework Southall, B., Tollit, D., Amaral, J., Clark, C., Ellison, W. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Underwater Noise Measurements around a Tidal Turbine in a Busy Port Setting Haxel, J., Zang, X., Martinez, J., Polagye, B., Staines, G., Deng, Z., Wosnik, M., O'Byrne, P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise
A brief overview of current approaches for underwater sound analysis and reporting van Geel, N., Risch, D., Wittich, A. Journal Article Noise
Project Summary of Outcomes and Results of Wave Energy in Southern Europe (WESE) Project Bald, J., Uyarra, M., Menchaca, I., Pouso, S., Uriarte, A., Garlsparsoro, I., de Santiago, I., Muxika, I., Simas, T., Vinagre, P., Machado, I., Apolonia, M., Cruz E., Chainho, P., Gonçalvez, J., Enciso, Y., Marina, D., Zubiate, L., Etxaniz, P., de Miguel, B., Madrid, E., Felis, I., Martinez, R., Chambel, J., Moitinho, L., Bartolomeu, S., Santos, H., Galvão, P., Basos, N., Moura, T., Nyman, M., Pech, M. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise
Cavitation observations, underwater radiated noise measurements and full-scale predictions of the Hydro-Spinna turbine Rosli, R., Shi, W., Aktas, B., Norman, R., Atlar, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise
Acoustic impact of a wave energy converter in Mediterranean shallow waters Buscaino, G., Mattiazzo, G., Sannino, G., Papale, E., Bracco, G., Grammauta, R., Carillo, A., Kenny, J., De Cristofaro, N., Ceraulo, M., Mazzola, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Noise Fish
Providing ecological context to anthropogenic subsea noise: Assessing listening space reductions of marine mammals from tidal energy devices Pine, M., Schmitt, P., Culloch, R., Lieber, L., Kregting, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Noise characterization of a subsea tidal kite Schmitt, P., Pine, M., Culloch, R., Lieber, L., Kregting, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise
Marine Mammal Behavioral Response to Tidal Turbine Sound Robertson, F., Wood, J., Joslin, J., Joy, R., Polagye, B. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Modeling underwater noise propagation from marine hydrokinetic power devices through a time-domain, velocity-pressure solution Halfa, E., Johnson, E., Johnson, C., Preston, L., Aldridge, D., Roberts, J. Journal Article Marine Energy Noise
Modeling underwater noise propagation from marine hydrokinetic power devices through a time-domain, velocity-pressure solution Halfa, E., Johnson, E., Johnson, C., Preston, L., Aldridge, D., Roberts, J. Journal Article Marine Energy Noise
Harbour Seals Avoid Tidal Turbine Noise: Implications for Collision Risk Hastie, G., Russell, D., Lepper, P., Elliot, J., Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Thompson, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Measuring Changes in Ambient Noise Levels from the Installation and Operation of a Surge Wave Energy Converter in the Coastal Ocean Henkel, S., Haxel, J. Report Marine Energy, Wave Noise
Underwater operational noise level emitted by a tidal current turbine and its potential impact on marine fauna Lossent, J., Gervaise, C., Iorio, L., Folegot, T., Clorennec, D., Lejart, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Effects of hydrokinetic turbine sound on the behavior of four species of fish within an experimental mesocosm Schramm, M., Bevelhimer, M., Scherelis, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Noise Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish
Underwater Sound Levels at a Wave Energy Device Testing Facility in Falmouth Bay, UK Garrett, J., Witt, M., Johanning, L. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Wave Noise
Measurement of Underwater Operational Noise Emitted by Wave and Tidal Stream Energy Devices Lepper, P., Robinson, S. Book Chapter Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Noise
Characterizing Large River Sounds: Providing Context for Understanding the Environmental Effects of Noise Produced by Hydrokinetic Turbines Bevelhimer, M., Deng, D., Scherelis, C. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine Noise
Understanding the Population Consequences of Acoustic Disturbance for Marine Mammals Harwood, J., King, S., Booth, C., Donovan, C., Schick, R., Thomas, L., New, L. Book Chapter Noise Marine Mammals
MaRVEN - Environmental Impacts of Noise, Vibrations and Electromagnetic Emissions from Marine Renewable Energy Thomsen, F., Gill, A., Kosecka, M., Andersson, M., André, M., Degraer, S., Folegot, T., Gabriel, J., Judd, A., Neumann, T., Norro, A., Risch, D., Sigray, P., Wood, D., Wilson, B. Report Marine Energy Attraction, Avoidance, EMF
Field Testing a Full-Scale Tidal Turbine Part 3: Acoustic Characteristics Schmitt, P., Elsaesser, B., Coffin, M., Hood, J., Starzmann, R. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Noise
Discussion of the Effects of the Underwater Noise Radiated by a Wave Energy Device - Portugal Cruz, E., Simas, T., Kasanen, E. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Wave Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Underwater Noise from a Wave Energy Converter Is Unlikely to Affect Marine Mammals Tougaard, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Noise Marine Mammals
Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2013 Environmental Monitoring Report ORPC Maine Report Marine Energy, Tidal Human Dimensions
Characteristics of the Operational Noise from Full Scale Wave Energy Converters in the Lysekil Project: Estimation of Potential Environmental Impacts Haikonen, K., Sundberg, J., Leijon, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wave Noise
Acoustic Environmental Monitoring - Wello Penguin Cooling System Noise Study Beharie, R., Side, J. Report Marine Energy, Wave Noise
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