Entanglement Evidence Base

As part of the risk retirement process, OES-Environmental has developed "evidence bases" for several key stressors. The evidence bases are lists of key research papers and monitoring reports for each stressor that support risk retirement for small numbers of MRE devices. The evidence base for entanglement includes studies on MRE, wind energy, and other analogous industries to aid understanding of this interaction. This collection has been reviewed externally for completeness and accuracy.

Additional information on entanglement can be found on the Tethys Knowledge Base and in Chapter 8 of the 2020 State of the Science Report.

The table below contains the relevant literature to this summary.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats Maxwell, S., Kershaw, F., Locke, C., Conners, M., Dawson, C., Aylesworth, S., Loomis, R., Johnson, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Ongoing Study Plan: Development of Computer Simulations to Assess Entanglement Risk to Whales and Leatherback Sea Turtles in Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Moorings, Cables, and Associated Derelict Fishing Gear Offshore California (Study #PR-19-ENT) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles
2020 State of the Science Report - Chapter 8: Encounters of Marine Animals with Marine Renewable Energy Device Mooring Systems and Subsea Cables Garavelli, L. Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Entanglement Marine Mammals
Humpback Whales and Floating Offshore Wind Farm Animation Grear, M., Copping, A., Sanders, G., Guiltinan, S. Video Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Humpback Whale Encounter with Offshore Wind Mooring Lines and Inter-Array Cables Copping, A., Grear, M. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessment of Entanglement Risk to Marine Megafauna due to Offshore Renewable Energy Mooring Systems Harnois, V., Smith, H., Benjamins, S., Johanning, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals
Understanding the Potential for Marine Megafauna Entanglement Risk from Marine Renewable Energy Developments Benjamins, S., Harnois, V., Smith, H., Johanning, L., Greenhill, L., Carter, C., Wilson, B. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Biological and Existing Data Analysis to Inform Risk of Collision and Entanglement Hypotheses Kropp, R. Report Marine Energy, Wave Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Whale Entanglements With Submarine Telecommunication Cables Wood, M., Carter, L. Journal Article Marine Energy Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Whales entangled in deep sea cables Heezen, B. Journal Article Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
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