Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
NMFS West Coast Offshore Wind Energy Strategic Science Plan National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts White, C.; Wang, Y-H; Walter, R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Entanglement Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement
Frequently Asked Questions: Offshore Wind and Whales Whale Communications Committee; Biodiversity Research Institute Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf, Offshore Oregon Final Environmental Assessment Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS); US Army Corps of Engineers; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Challenges and Opportunities for Floating Offshore Wind Energy in Ultradeep Waters of the Central Atlantic Musial, W.; McCoy, A.; Hernando, D.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data
Offshore Wind Facts: Marine Mammals and Sea Turtles Special Initiative on Offshore Wind Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Can floating offshore wind farms pose a risk of entanglement and injury to marine megafauna? Henry, S.; Heerah, K.; Jung, J-L.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement
Integrating Bird and Marine Mammal Monitoring into Offshore Wind Energy Development Infrastructure and Operations Courbis, S.; Etter, H.; Pacini, A.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement Birds, Marine Mammals
Maritime Spatial Planning in Europe: Discussion Paper on the Challenges and Potential Opportunities Around the Colocation of Offshore Wind Energy with Marine Protected Areas Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms Williamson, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF, Entanglement Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Entanglement Evidence Base OES-Environmental Summary Marine Energy, Wind Energy Entanglement
Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats Maxwell, S.; Kershaw, F.; Locke, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation
How can the impacts of an operating wind farm on marine mammals be assessed? Couturier, L.; Curé, C.; Labach, H.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals
Passive acoustic tracking of the three-dimensional movements and acoustic behaviour of toothed whales in close proximity to static nets Macaulay, G.; Kingston, A.; Coram, A.; et al. Journal Article Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Risk to Marine Life from Marine Debris & Floating Offshore Wind Cable Systems SEER Summary Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
A Review of Biodiversity Data Needs and Monitoring Protocols for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector in the Baltic Sea and North Sea Stephenson, P. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality
Large whale entanglements off the U.S. West Coast, from 1982-2017 Saez, L.; Lawson, D.; DeAngelis, M. Report Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
West Coast Entanglement Science Workshop Report The Nature Conservancy; California Ocean Protection Council Workshop Article Entanglement
Ongoing Study Plan: Development of Computer Simulations to Assess Entanglement Risk to Whales and Leatherback Sea Turtles in Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Moorings, Cables, and Associated Derelict Fishing Gear Offshore California Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Reptiles
Entanglement of Marine Life: Risks and Response NOAA Fisheries Website Entanglement
SEER Factsheet SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects HT Harvey and Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
National Report on Large Whale Entanglements Confirmed in the United States in 2018 NOAA Fisheries Report Entanglement Marine Mammals
Humpback Whales and Floating Offshore Wind Farm Animation Grear, M.; Copping, A.; Sanders, G.; et al. Video Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Humpback Whale Encounter with Offshore Wind Mooring Lines and Inter-Array Cables Copping, A.; Grear, M. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Risk of whale encounters with offshore renewable energy mooring lines and electrical cables Copping, A.; Grear, M.; Sanders, G. Presentation Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Assessment of Entanglement Risk to Marine Megafauna due to Offshore Renewable Energy Mooring Systems Harnois, V.; Smith, H.; Benjamins, S.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals
2014 Report on the Entanglement of Marine Species in Marine Debris with an Emphasis on Species in the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Marine Debris Program Report Entanglement Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions
Understanding the Potential for Marine Megafauna Entanglement Risk from Marine Renewable Energy Developments Benjamins, S.; Harnois, V.; Smith, H.; et al. Report Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Turtles and Culverts, and Alternative Energy Development: An Unreported but Potentially Significant Mortality Threat to the Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) Lovich, J.; Ennen, J.; Madrak, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Entanglement Reptiles
FISHING GEAR–RELATED INJURY IN CALIFORNIA MARINE WILDLIFE Kaplan Dau, B.; Gilardi, K.V.K.; Gulland, F.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Entanglement Birds, Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Whale Entanglements With Submarine Telecommunication Cables Wood, M.; Carter, L. Journal Article Marine Energy Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Whales entangled in deep sea cables Heezen, B. Journal Article Entanglement Marine Mammals, Cetaceans

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