The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
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Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts | White, C.; Wang, Y-H; Walter, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Entanglement | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
A synthetic analysis of post-construction displacement and attraction of marine birds at offshore wind energy installations | Lamb, J.; Gulka, J.; Adams, E.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Displacement | Birds | |
Wind Energy: Technologies and Approaches to Help Address Environmental Effects | United States Government Accountability Office | Report | Wind Energy | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States | Williams, K.; Gulka, J.; Cook, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds | |
A review on the interactions between engineering and marine life: key information for engineering professionals | Dobson, T.; Lenchine, V.; Bainbridge, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast [2024] | Rockwood, R.; Salas, L.; Howar, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Wind Farms and Power Lines Reduced the Territory Status and Probability of Fledgling Production in the Eurasian Goshawk Accipiter gentilis | Husby, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Birds, Raptors | |
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on common guillemots (Uria aalge) in the southern North Sea - climate versus biodiversity? | Peschko, V.; Schwemmer, H.; Mercker, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat | Fielding, A.; Anderson, D.; Benn, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
Behavioural responses of Sandwich terns following the construction of offshore wind farms | Thaxter, C.; Green, R.; Collier, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Avoidance of offshore wind farms by Sandwich Terns in the North Sea increases with turbine density | van Bemmelen, R.; Leemans, J.; Collier, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Towards understanding environmental and cumulative impacts of floating wind farms: Lessons learned from the fixed-bottom offshore wind farms | Rezaei, F.; Contestabile, P; Vicinanza, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates | |
Integrating Bird and Marine Mammal Monitoring into Offshore Wind Energy Development Infrastructure and Operations | Courbis, S.; Etter, H.; Pacini, A.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Entanglement | Birds, Marine Mammals | |
New insights into the influence of turbines on the behaviour of migrant birds: implications for predicting impacts of offshore wind developments on wildlife | Willmott, J.; Forcey, G.; Vukovich, M. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds | |
Large-scale effects of offshore wind farms on seabirds of high conservation concern | Garthe, S.; Schwemmer, H.; Peschko, V.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Resolving Key Uncertainties of Seabird Flight and Avoidance Behaviours at Offshore Wind Farms: Final Report for the study period 2020-2021 | Tjørnløv, R.; Skov, H.; Armitage, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Institutional acceptance of wildlife mitigation technologies for wind energy: The case of Israel | Cohen, A.; Fischhendler, I.; Katz, D. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Wind energy expansion and birds: Identifying priority areas for impact avoidance at a national level | Balotari-Chiebao, F.; Santangeli, A.; Piirainen, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds, Ecosystem Processes | |
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms | Williamson, L. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Displacement, EMF, Entanglement | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Ecosystem Benefits of Floating Offshore Wind | Haberlin, D.; Cohuo, A.; Doyle, T. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Long-term impact on the breeding birds of a semi-offshore island-based wind farm in Ã…land, Northern Baltic Sea | Tanskanen, A.; Yrjola, R.; Oja, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, Displacement | Birds, Shorebirds | |
Quantifying Raptors’ Flight Behavior to Assess Collision Risk and Avoidance Behavior to Wind Turbines | Linder, A.; Lyhne, H.; Laubek, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs | SEER | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles | |
International assessment of priority environmental issues for land-based and offshore wind energy development | Green, R.; Gill, E.; Hein, C.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
Future environmental scenarios for offshore wind expansion | Still, D.; Pacitto, S.; Miller, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Balancing future renewable energy infrastructure siting and associated habitat loss for migrating whooping cranes | Ellis, K.; Pearse, A.; Brandt, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment | |
Reviewing the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms | Galparsoro, I.; Menchaca, I.; Garmendia, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates | |
Study to Examine how Seabird Collision Risk, Displacement and Barrier Effects Could be Integrated for Assessment of Offshore Wind Developments | Searle, K.; Butler, A.; Mobbs, D.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Feasibility of extending SeabORD to the entire breeding season: study | Searle, K.; Jones, E.; Bogdanova, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Columbian sharp-tailed grouse brood success and chick survival in a wind-energy landscape | Proett, M.; Roberts, S.; Messmer, T. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report | ORE Catapult; Xodus Group | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation | |
Bat and Bird Interactions with Offshore Wind Energy Development | SEER | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic | Rahman, A.; Farrok, O.; Haque, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
Review of seabird monitoring technologies for offshore wind farms | Nicholls, A.; Barker, M.; Armitage, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Wind Farms and Power Lines Have Negative Effects on Territory Occupancy in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) | Husby, M.; Pearson, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
Offshore renewables need an experimental mindset | Johnson, A.; Dawson, C.; Conners, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions | |
Factors influencing wind turbine avoidance behaviour of a migrating soaring bird | Santos, C.; Ramesh, H.; Ferraz, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats | Maxwell, S.; Kershaw, F.; Locke, C.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation | |
Measuring and visualizing environmental and social impacts of wind energy projects | Pian, A.; Verhoef, J.; De Vries, L.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds, Human Dimensions | |
Summary of Activates and the Results of Ornithological Monitoring in the Integrated system for Protection of Birds, 2021 | Zehtindjiev, P.; Whitfield, D. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds | |
Investigating avoidance and attraction responses in lesser black-backed gulls Larus fuscus to offshore wind farms | Johnston, D.; Thaxter, C.; Boersch-Supan, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
South Fork Wind: Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Responses of dispersing GPS-tagged Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) to multiple wind farms across Scotland | Fielding, A.; Anderson, D.; Benn, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Comparison of the Home Ranges of Mountain Hawk-Eagles During Different Phases of Wind Farm Construction | Nishibayashi, N.; Kitamura, W.; Yoshizaki, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Avoidance | Birds, Raptors | |
Bird Displacement by Wind Turbines: Assessing Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies | Marques, A.; Batalha, H.; Bernardino, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Avoidance, Displacement | Birds | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Attraction, avoidance and habitat use at various spatial scales | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Beatrice Offshore Wind Farm - Year 1 Post-Construction Ornithological Monitoring Report - 2019 | Trinder, M. | Report | Wind Energy | Avoidance, Displacement | Birds | |
GPS tracking data can document wind turbine interactions: Evidence from a GPS-tagged Eurasian curlew | Jiguet, F.; Schwemmer, P.; Rousseau, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Bats, Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
A Temporal Boosted YOLO-Based Model for Birds Detection around Wind Farms | Alqaysi, H. ; Fedorov, I. ; Qureshi, F.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds | |
Hywind Scotland Ornithological Monitoring Programme: Overwintering distributions of common guillemot and razorbill populations in Eastern Scotland | Bogdanova, M.; Buckingham, L.; Newell, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds |
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