Abstract
Offshore wind’s rapid expansion to meet green energy demands raises ecological concerns. Nature-based solutions (NBS) offer a way to create a positive impact on nature through restoration and habitat creation. NBS are currently in a pilot phase, the current challenge entails upscaling. However, upscaling NBS is challenging as these types of innovations have unique characteristics. This study investigates how NBS for offshore wind can be upscaled, employing a novel conceptual framework to evaluate drivers and barriers comprehensively. Through in-depth interviews and survey, an understanding is gained of NBS upscaling dynamics, aiding strategies to further implement NBS and ensure sustainable offshore wind development. This study determined that establishing a proof of concept through increased NBS pilots within Offshore Wind Farms (OWFs) is essential. Standardized international monitoring programs can evaluate and compare outcomes, clarifying uncertainty around effectiveness. The study highlights a misfit between the pace of offshore wind development speed and the time required to test NBS. Accelerating NBS testing, integrating them into tender criteria, and exploring nature-inclusive decommissioning is vital. Upscaling testing efforts is crucial to match wind farm development pace, promoting widespread NBS adoption, and ensuring long-term, sustainability in wind energy projects.