Abstract
Energy transition initiatives are expanding the frontiers of offshore wind generation. Impact assessment instruments, such as strategic environmental assessment (SEA), should consider the consequences of these developments. By reviewing the literature on SEA and a case in Brazil, we draw lessons for harnessing potential SEA contributions to support offshore wind development in jurisdictions where its practice is non-systematic, i.e. conducted in the absence of standard rules and guidance at the national level as well as being dispersed and highly variable, for example, in terms of motivations and approaches. This flexibility can be an opportunity to align energy transition purposes with the targets of other uses of marine space and conservation goals. On the other hand, if no formalized set of SEA rules is agreed upon by key stakeholders, SEA and its outcomes can be highly vulnerable to political influence. Our investigation reinforces the importance of public participation, assessment of alternatives, integration with regional initiatives, and a focus on cumulative impacts in SEA. Finally, SEA for future offshore wind developments should be formulated in time to influence project-level decisions with tiered recommendations that are fundamental for avoiding further conflicts and properly assessing and mitigating the impacts of the energy transition.