Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
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Title | Author* | Date** |
Type of Content![]() |
Technology Types | Stressors | Receptors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Influence of Behavior on Bird Mortality in Wind Energy Developments | Smallwood, K., Rugge, L., Morrison, M. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl |
Research Priorities for Wind Energy and Migratory Wildlife | Piorkowski, M., et al. | April 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Weak Relationship Between Risk Assessment Studies and Recorded Mortality in Wind Farms | Ferrer, M., et al. | February 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Reduced Breeding Success in White-Tailed Eagles at Smøla windfarm, Western Norway, is Caused by Mortality and Displacement | Dahl, E., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Raptors |
The impact of wind energy facilities on grouse: a systematic review | Coppes, J., et al. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
Reproductive output of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in relation to wind turbine proximity | Fernandez-Bellon, D., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Nest Survival of Red-Winged Blackbirds in Agricultural Areas Developed for Wind Energy | Gillespie, M., Dinsmore, S. | December 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines |
Mapping Seabird Sensitivity to Offshore Wind Farms | Bradbury, G., et al. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
A synthesis of human-related avian mortality in Canada | Calvert, A., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
A Theoretical Approach to Estimating Bird Risk of Collision with Wind Turbines Where Empirical Flight Activity Data Are Lacking | Furness, R., et al. | April 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Habitat Utilization in White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the Displacement Impact of the Smøla Wind-Power Plant | May, R., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
An Overview of Monitoring for Raptors in Bulgaria | Spasov, S., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future | Bailey, H., Brookes, K., Thompson, P. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals |
Avian Collision Threat Assessment at 'Bhambarwadi Wind Farm Plateau' in Northern Western Ghats, India | Pande, S., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Assessing Risk to Birds from Industrial Wind Energy Development via Paired Resource Selection Models | Miller, T., et al. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
What is the Impact of Wind Farms on Birds? A Case Study in Southern Spain | Farfan, M., et al. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Avian Collision Risk Models for Wind Energy Impact Assessments | Masden, E., Cook, A. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power | Sovacool, B. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Bats are not birds and other problems with Sovacool's (2009) analysis of animal fatalities due to electricity generation | Willis, C., et al. | April 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Behavior of Bats at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
A Special Purpose: The Migratory Bird Treaty Act and Wind Energy | Rose, R. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy |
Behavioural and Environmental Correlates of Soaring-Bird Mortality at On-Shore Wind Turbines | Barrios, L., Rodríguez, A. | February 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Bird and Bat Species' Global Vulnerability to Collision Mortality at Wind Farms Revealed Through a Trait-Based Assessment | Thaxter, C., et al. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Bird Migration Studies and Potential Collision Risk with Offshore Wind Turbines | Hüppop, O., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines |
Bird Mortality at a Wind-Energy Facility near a Wetland of International Importance | Grodsky, S., Jennelle, C., Drake, D. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Canadian Estimate of Bird Mortality Due to Collisions and Direct Habitat Loss Associated with Wind Turbine Developments | Zimmerling, J., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf | Kelsey, E., et al. | September 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Collision Effects of Wind-power Generators and Other Obstacles on Birds | Drewitt, A., Langston, R. | June 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Combining radar and direct observation to estimate pelican collision risk at a proposed wind farm on the Cape west coast, South Africa | Jenkins, A., et al. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Waterfowl |
Contextualizing Avian Mortality: A Preliminary Appraisal of Bird and Bat Fatalities from Wind, Fossil-Fuel, and Nuclear Electricity | Sovacool, B. | June 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Differential Mortality of Birds Killed at Wind Farms in Northern Portugal | Morinha, F., et al. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Direct human-caused mortality of birds: improving quantification of magnitude and assessment of population impact | Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Direct Mortality of Birds from Anthropogenic Causes | Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Do Terrestrial Animals Avoid Areas Close to Turbines in Functioning Wind Farms in Agricultural Landscapes? | Łopucki, R., Klich, D., Gielarek, S. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Terrestrial Mammals |
Dogs as a Tool to Improve Bird-Strike Mortality Estimates at Wind Farms | Paula, J., et al. | September 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Questions, Research Needs, and Hypotheses | Kunz, T., et al. | August 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
Ecological Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds: Questions, Hypotheses, and Research Needs | Wang, S., Wang, S., Smith, P. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
The Effect of Avoidance Rates on Bird Mortality Predictions Made by Wind Turbine Collision Risk Models | Chamberlain, D., et al. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors, Seabirds, Waterfowl |
Effectiveness of a mitigation measure for the lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni) in wind farms in Spain | Pescador, M., Ramírez, J., Peris, S. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
The Effects of Aero-Generators on Moorland Bird Populations in the Orkney Islands, Scotland | Meek, E., et al. | January 1993 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
Effects of Weather on Avian Migration at Proposed Ridgeline Wind Energy Sites | Thomas, P., et al. | May 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy | Martinez-Abrain, A., et al. | November 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors, Ecosystem Processes |
Assessing the Impacts of Wind Farms on Birds | Drewitt, A., Langston, R. | March 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Effects of Wind Turbines on Flight Behaviour of Wintering Common Eiders: Implications for Habitat Use and Collision Risk | Larsen, J., Guillemette, M. | April 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
Birds and Offshore Wind Farms: A Hot Topic in Marine Ecology | Exo, K., Hüppop, O., Garthe, S. | April 2003 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
Biodiversity and Wind Farms in Portugal: Current Knowledge and Insights for an Integrated Impact Assessment Process | Mascarenhas, M., et al. | January 2018 | Book | Wind Energy (General) | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals |
Bird species of concern at wind farms in New Zealand | Powlesland, R. | September 2009 | Book | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Pathways of Effects for Offshore Renewable Energy in Canada | Isaacman, L., Daborn, G. | December 2011 | Report | Marine Energy (General), Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions |
A Pilot Golden Eagle Population Study in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area California | Predatory Bird Research Group | May 1995 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
A Review of the Impacts of Wind Farms on Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus and an Estimation of Collision Avoidance Rates | Whitfield, D., Madders, M. | August 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
The Relative Vulnerability of Migratory Bird Species to Offshore Wind Energy Projects on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf: An Assessment Method and Database | Willmott, J., Forcey, G., Kent, A. | August 2013 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility | Ocotillo Express | February 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: AWA Goodhue Wind Project | Westwood Professional Services | December 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables | Iberdrola Renewables | October 2008 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
Avian Monitoring and Mortality Report at the National Wind Technology Center: January 2010 - February 2011 | Tetra Tech Inc. | January 2018 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Avian, Bat and Habitat Cumulative Impacts Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion Of Eastern Washington and Oregon | Johnson, G., Erickson, W. | May 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration | Krijgsveld, K. | July 2014 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
The Avoidance Rates of Collision Between Birds and Offshore Turbines | Cook, A., et al. | December 2014 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
AWWI Technical Report: Evaluating a Commercial-Ready Technology for Raptor Detection and Deterrence at a Wind Energy Facility in California | Terrill, S., et al. | September 2018 | Report | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Baseline investigations of bats and birds at wind turbine test Centre Asterild | Therkildsen, O., et al. | September 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Bats and Bat Habitats: Guidelines for Wind Power Projects | Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources | July 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
Best Management Practices for siting, developing, operating, and monitoring renewable energy in the Intermountain West: A Conservationist's Guide | Jones, A. | March 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Raptors, Terrestrial Mammals |
Big Blue Wind Energy Project Avian and Bat Protection Plan | Western Ecosystems Technology Inc (WEST) | January 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
Bird and Bat Collision Risks & Wind Energy Facilities | Willmott, J., et al. | December 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Bird and Bird Habitats: Guidelines for Wind Power Projects | Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources | December 2011 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Bird Migration Intensity and Number of Collision Victims at the Wind Power Plant Le Peuchapatte (Switzerland) | Aschwanden, J., Liechti, F. | November 2016 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Bird Monitoring at Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea - Assessing Seabird Displacement Effects | Vanermen, N., et al. | January 2013 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment | DONG Energy | March 2013 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
Collision and Displacement Vulnerability Among Marine Birds of the California Current System Associated with Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure | Adams, J., et al. | October 2016 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds |
Collision Mortalities at Horseshoe Shoal of Bird Species of Special Concern | Hatch, J., Brault, S. | January 2007 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl |
Collision, Displacement and Barrier Effect Concept Note | Humphreys, E., Cook, S., Burton, N. | January 2015 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
The consequences of seabird habitat loss from offshore wind turbines, version 2 | van Kooten, T., et al. | July 2019 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds, Nearfield Habitat |
Criterion Wind Project Avian Protection Plan | Young, D., Tidhar, D. | March 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Deriving an Avoidance Rate for Swans Suitable for Onshore Wind Farm Collision Risk Modelling | Whitfield, D., Urquhart, B. | February 2015 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Developing Guidance on Ornithological Cumulative Impact Assessment for Offshore Wind Farm Developers | King, S., et al. | June 2009 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Developing Methods To Reduce Bird Mortality In The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area | Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. | January 2004 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Draft Black Oak & Getty Wind Avian and Bat Protection Plan | Black Oak Wind, Getty Wind Company | February 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
The Effect of Wind Power on Birds and Bats - A Synthesis | Rydell, J., et al. | August 2012 | Report | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
Impacts on Biodiversity of Exploitation of Renewable Energy Sources: The Example of Birds and Bats | Hötker, H., Thomsen, K., Jeromin, H. | January 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General) | Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
Eagle Owl and Wind Power development at Karmøy, Western Norway | Rov, N., Jacobsen, K. | March 2007 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Final Results of Bird Studies at the Offshore Wind Farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark | Petersen, I., et al. | January 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds |
Cumulative Effects of Wind Farms in the Dutch North Sea on Bird Populations | Poot, M., et al. | June 2012 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Assessing the Influence of Wind Turbines and Land-use on Mortality Risk of Avian Species on the Llano Estacado with Emphasis on Birds of Prey | Linner, K. | December 2014 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Effects of offshore wind farms on birds: "Cuisinarts of the sky" or just tilting at windmills? | Tingley, M. | March 2003 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Passerines, Seabirds |
Telemetric Monitoring of Montagu’s Harrier in Schleswig-Holstein | Grajetzky, B., Nehls, G. | April 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |
Bird Mortality in Two Dutch Wind Farms: Effects of Location, Spatial Design and Interactions with Powerlines | Brenninkmeijer, A., Klop, E. | February 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
The Challenges of Addressing Wildlife Impacts When Repowering Wind Energy Projects | Smallwood, K. | February 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Conflicts Between Birds and On-Shore Wind Farms | Zwart, M., et al. | January 2016 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds |
Developing Field and Analytical Methods to Assess Avian Collision Risk at Wind Farms | Band, W., Madders, M., Whitfield, D. | June 2007 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds |
Effects of Individuals Lost Due to Wind Turbines on the Time of Occupying a Territory, the Survival of Breeding Territories and the Breeding Success of White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Case Studies) | Grunkorn, T., Nehls, G. | April 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors |