The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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Title | Author | Date | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
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EDEN 2000: Exploring Options For A Nature-Proof Development of Offshore Wind Farms Inside A Natura 2000 Area | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Vanaverbeke, J. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Assessing environmental impacts of offshore wind farms: lessons learned and recommendations for the future | Rahman, F.; Kumar, P. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Chemicals, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment | |
Beneath the blades: Marine wind farms support parts of local biodiversity - a systematic review | Knorrn, A.; Teder, T.; Kaasik, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Fish, Demersal Fish, Invertebrates | |
Potential Impact of Submarine Power Cables on Crab Harvest | Bull, A.; Nishimoto, M. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, EMF | Invertebrates | |
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 1. Onshore: Potential Effects | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals | |
Tidal Energy: The Benthic Effects of an Operational Tidal Stream Turbine | O'Carroll, J.; Kennedy, R.; Creech, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Changes in Flow | Invertebrates | |
Identical Response of Caged Rock Crabs (Genera Metacarcinus and Cancer) to Energized and Unenergized Undersea Power Cables in Southern California, USA | Love, M.; Nishimoto, M.; Clark, S.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation near Rhode Island: Acoustic and Electromagnetic Effects on Marine Animals | Miller, J.; Potty, G.; Raposa, K.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Noise | Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Early Environmental Impact Assessment and Spatio-Temporal Variability | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Processing of Antifouling Paint Particles by Mytilus edulis | Turner, A.; Barrett, M.; Brown, M. | Journal Article | Chemicals | Invertebrates | ||
Effects of Marine Windfarms on the Distribution of Fish, Shellfish and Marine Mammals in the Horns Rev Area | Hoffmann, E.; Astrup, J.; Larsen, F.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Noise, Habitat Change, EMF, Avoidance, Attraction | Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish | |
Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and other Marine Species | Normandeau Associates Inc; Exponent Inc.; Tricas, T.; et al. | Report | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | ||
On electrical fishing for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon): I. Laboratory experiments | Polet, H.; Delanghe, F.; Verschoore, R. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
A Comparison of Fishes and Invertebrates Living in the Vicinity of Energized and Unenergized Submarine Power Cables and Natural Sea Floor off Southern California, USA | Love, M.; Nishimoto, M.; Snook, L.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | ||
Effects of Hypomagnetic Conditions and Reversed Geomagnetic Field on Calcium-Dependent Proteases of Invertebrates and Fish | Kantserova, N.; Krylov, V.; Lysenko, L.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | ||
Immune response of mollusk Onchidium struma to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF, 50 Hz) exposure based on immune-related enzyme activity and De novo transcriptome analysis | Zhang, M.; Wang, J.; Sun, Q.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates | |
Magnetic Orientation and Magnetoreception in Birds and Other Animals | Wiltschko, R.; Wiltschko, W. | Journal Article | EMF | Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Reptiles | ||
Magnetic Orientation and Navigation in Marine Turtles, Lobsters, and Molluscs: Concepts and Conundrums | Cain, S.; Boles, L.; Wang, J.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates, Reptiles | ||
Impact of magnetic fields generated by AC/DC submarine power cables on the behavior of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus) | Taormina, B.; Di Poi, C.; Agnalt, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates, Legal & Policy | |
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 4. Offshore: Monitoring and Mitigation | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 3. Offshore: Potential Effects | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Activity Pattern and Correlation between Bat and Insect Abundance at Wind Turbines in South Sweden | de Jong, J.; Millon, L.; Håstad, O.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats, Invertebrates | |
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations | Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
FLOATGEN floating wind turbine environmental monitoring report, SEM-REV test site | Reynaud, M.; Le Bouhris, E.; Soulard, T.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF, Noise | Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
Insect fatalities at wind turbines as biodiversity sinks | Voigt, C. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Invertebrates | |
Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Submarine Power Cables Can Trigger Strength-Dependent Behavioural and Physiological Responses in Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) | Scott, K.; Harsanyi, P.; Easton, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
Potential impacts of submarine power cables from marine renewable energy projects on benthic communities | Taormina, B. | Thesis | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
The role of Marine Renewable Energy structures and biofouling communities in promoting self-sustaining populations of Non-Native Species | Macleod, A. | Thesis | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Invertebrates | |
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations (2021 Revision) | Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
A current synthesis on the effects of electric and magnetic fields emitted by submarine power cables on invertebrates | Albert, L.; Deschamps, F.; Jolivet, A.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
A roadmap towards quantitative cumulative impact assessments: Every step of the way | Piet, G.; Tamis, J.; Volwater, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
Determining the safety range of electrical pulses for two benthic invertebrates: brown shrimp (Crangon crangon L.) and ragworm (Alitta virens S.) | Soetaert, M.; Chiers, K.; Polet, H.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
Genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of 50 Hz 1 mT electromagnetic field on larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Baltic clam (Limecola balthica) and common ragworm (Hediste diversicolor) | Stankevičiūtė, M.; Jakubowska, M.; Pažusienė, J.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates | ||
Synthesis of the Science Workshop: Day 1 Summary | Consensus Building Institute | Workshop Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities | Farr, H.; Ruttenberg, B.; Walter, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
The Interaction Between Resource Species and Electromagnetic Fields Associated with Electricity Production by Offshore Wind Farms | Hutchison, Z.; Secor, D.; Gill, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
Multi-Disciplinary and Multi-Scale Assessment of Marine Renewable Energy Structure in a Tidal System | Raoux, A.; Robin, I.; Pezy, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates | |
COWRIE 1.5 The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Sub-Sea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Wind Farm Developments on Electrically and Magnetically Sensitive Marine Organisms - A Review | Gill, A.; Gloyne-Philips, I.; Neal, K.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
True Navigation and Magnetic Maps in Spiny Lobsters | Boles, L.; Lohmann, K. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
Magnetic Maps in Animals: Nature's GPS | Lohmann, K.; Lohmann, C.; Putman, N. | Journal Article | EMF | Reptiles, Invertebrates, Birds | ||
Unravelling the ecological impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea | Lloret, J.; Turiel, A.; Solé, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism | |
Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment for a Deep Water Floating Offshore Wind Turbine on the Brazilian Continental Shelf | de Paula, L.; Carmo, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment | |
Environmental Compatibility of the Parc Tramuntana Offshore Wind Project in Relation to Marine Ecosystems | Diez-Caballero, K.; Troiteiro, S.; Garcia-Alba, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Diet analysis of bats killed at wind turbines suggests large-scale losses of trophic interactions | Scholz, C.; Voigt, C. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Invertebrates | |
The Effects of Anthropogenic Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on the Early Development of Two Commercially Important Crustaceans, European Lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.) and Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) | Harsanyi, P.; Scott, K.; Easton, B.; et al. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
Effects of pile driving sound playbacks and cadmium co-exposure on the early life stage development of the Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus | Stenton, C.; Bolger, E.; Michenot, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Noise | Invertebrates | |
An integrated conceptual model to characterize the effects of offshore wind farms on ecosystem services | Baulaz, Y.; Mouchet, M.; Niquil, N.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data | |
Supplemental Data Regarding the Behavioral Response of Rock Crabs to the EMF of Subsea Cables and Potential Impact to Fisheries | Williams, J.; Jaco, E.; Scholz, Z.; et al. | Report | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates | |
South Fork Wind Farm and South Fork Export Cable Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy | EMF | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Empirical Evidence Inspiring Priority Monitoring, Research and Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment |
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