The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
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Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement | |
The Potential Environmental Impacts of Floating Offshore Wind in California | California Ocean Science Trust | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast [2024] | Rockwood, R.; Salas, L.; Howar, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) | Stokke, B.; Dahl, E.; Kleven, O.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Construction and Operations Plan for Commercial Lease OCS | Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind, LLC | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds, Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts | |
2023 North American State of the Bats Report | Bat Conservation International | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats | |
Large soaring raptors vs wind turbines development in the Swiss Alps | Vignali, S.; Braunisch, V.; Arlettaz, R. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Future environmental scenarios for offshore wind expansion | Still, D.; Pacitto, S.; Miller, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind | Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Maryland Offshore Wind Project: Offshore Bat Monitoring and Detections | ESS Group, LLC | Report | Wind Energy | Displacement | Bats | |
Study to Examine how Seabird Collision Risk, Displacement and Barrier Effects Could be Integrated for Assessment of Offshore Wind Developments | Searle, K.; Butler, A.; Mobbs, D.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Feasibility of extending SeabORD to the entire breeding season: study | Searle, K.; Jones, E.; Bogdanova, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report | ORE Catapult; Xodus Group | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation | |
Commercial Wind Lease and Grant Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Humboldt Wind Energy Area, California | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); BOEM Environmental Studies Program | Report | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
South Fork Wind: Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Attraction, avoidance and habitat use at various spatial scales | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Ecological Baseline Studies of the US Outer Continental Shelf | Willmot, J.; Forcey, G.; Vukovich, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
Land-Based Wind Energy Siting: A Foundational and Technical Resource | Christol, C.; Oteri, F.; Laurienti, M. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts | |
Research Goals for Studying Bat Behavior at the Wind Turbine-scale | Bats and Wind Energy Cooperative (BWEC) | Report | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats | |
Bat Workgroup Report for the State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy 2020: Cumulative Impacts | Hein, C.; Williams, K.; Jenkins, E. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats | |
Feasibility study of large-scale deployment of colour-ringing on Black-legged Kittiwake populations to improve the realism of demographic models assessing the population impacts of offshore wind farms | O’Hanlon, N.J.; Wischnewski, S.; Ewing, D.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
ThruTracker: Open-Source Software for 2-D and 3-D Animal Video Tracking | Corcoran, A.; Schirmacher, M.; Black, E.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds | |
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations | Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
Black-legged kittiwake population dynamics and drivers of population change in the context of offshore wind development | Ruffino, L.; Thompson, D.; O'Brien, S. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on the South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
Nature-Inclusive Design: A Catalogue for Offshore Wind Infrastructure | Hermans, A.; Bos, O.; Prusina, I. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change | Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Long-term Acoustic Assessment of Bats at Spion Kop Reservoir, Montana for 2015-2017 | Bachen, D.; Burkholder, B.; Maxell, B. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Bats | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Empirical Evidence Inspiring Priority Monitoring, Research and Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment | |
Impacts to Wildlife of Wind Energy Siting and Operation in the United States | Allison, T.; Diffendorfer, J.; Baerwald, E.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds | |
Offshore wind farms and their effects on birds | Fox, A.; Petersen, I-K. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
The consequences of seabird habitat loss from offshore wind turbines, version 2 | van Kooten, T.; Soudijn, F.; Tulp, I.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
The consequences of seabird habitat loss from offshore wind turbines: a research plan for five selected species | van Kooten, T.; Soudijn, F.; Leopold, M. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Pilot field study: observations from a fixed platform on occurrence and behaviour of common guillemots and other seabirds in offshore wind farm Luchterduinen | Mardik, F.; Leopold, M.; Verdaat, H. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision | Birds, Seabirds | |
Evaluating a Commercial-Ready Technology for Raptor Detection and Deterrence at a Wind Energy Facility in California | Terrill, S.; Howell, J.; Smith, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Assessing and Managing Effect Spheres of Influence | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment | |
RECON: Reef effect structures in the North Sea, islands or connections? Summary Report | Coolen, J.; van der Weide, B.; Cuperus, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change | Fish, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Impacts of Wind Turbines on the Population and Nest Site Selection of the Montagu’s Harrier in the Hellweg Börde, North Rhine-Westphalia | Joest, R.; Griesenbrock, B.; Illner, H. | Book Chapter | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Displacement | Raptors, Birds | |
Telemetric Monitoring of Montagu’s Harrier in Schleswig-Holstein | Grajetzky, B.; Nehls, G. | Book Chapter | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Collision | Raptors, Birds | |
Red Kite | Mammen, K.; Mammen, U.; Resetaritz, A. | Book Chapter | Fixed Offshore Wind, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Attraction | Raptors, Birds | |
Effects of Individuals Lost Due to Wind Turbines on the Time of Occupying a Territory, the Survival of Breeding Territories and the Breeding Success of White-Tailed Sea Eagles (Case Studies) | Grunkorn, T.; Nehls, G. | Book Chapter | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Collision | Raptors, Birds | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: a Continued move towards Integration and Quantification | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment | |
Project Icebreaker Bird and Bat Risk Analysis | Gordon, C.; Erickson, W. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement | Bats, Birds | |
Offshore wind energy ecological programme (Wozep) Monitoring and research programme 2017-2021 | WOZEP project team | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
The most Important Environmental Project in a German Offshore Wind Farm: Accompanying Ecological Research on the Offshore Test Field Project Alpha Ventus | Beiersdorf, A.; Boethling, M.; Binder, A.; et al. | Book Chapter | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
Collision and Displacement Vulnerability Among Marine Birds of the California Current System Associated with Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure | Adams, J.; Kelsey, E.; Felis, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction | Seabirds, Birds | |
Technological solutions to reduce the environmental impacts of wind-energy systems | Megavind | Report | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Visual Impacts | |
Framework for Testing the Effectiveness of Bat and Eagle Impact-Reduction Strategies at Wind Energy Projects | Sinclair, K.; DeGeorge, E. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Avoidance, Attraction | Raptors, Birds, Bats | |
Impacts to Birds and Bats Due to Collisions and Electrocutions from Some Tall Structures in the United States: Wires, Towers, Turbines, and Solar Arrays - State of the Art in Addressing the Problems | Manville, A. | Book Chapter | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction | Birds, Bats | |
Environmental impacts of offshore wind farms in the Belgian part of the North Sea: Environmental impact monitoring reloaded | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries |
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