The evidence base for electromagnetic fields (EMF) consists of 31 key documents that define what we understand about the effects of electric and magnetic fields on sensitive marine animals. The initial evidence base was presented and reviewed during workshops at EWTEC 2019 and in Australia in 2019. Additional information on EMF can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science Report (Chapter 5), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.
View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Static magnetic fields reduce swimming activity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae | Cresci, A., Durif, C., Larsen, T., Bjelland, R., Skiftesvik, A., Browman, H. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Red rock crab (Cancer productus) movement is not influenced by electromagnetic fields produced by a submarine power transmission cable | Williams, J., Jaco, E., Scholz, Z., Williams, C., Pondella, D., Rasser, M., Schroeder, D. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Effects of anthropogenic magnetic fields on the behavior of a major predator of the intertidal and subtidal zones, the velvet crab Necora puber | Albert, L., Olivier, F., Jolivet, A., Chauvaud, L., Chauvaud, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Effect of electromagnetic fields from renewable energy subsea power cables on righting reflex and physiological response of coastal invertebrates | Chapman, E., Rochas, C., Piper, A., Vad, J., Kazanidis, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Electromagnetic Fields (EMFs) from subsea power cables in the natural marine environment | Gill, A., Hutchison, Z., Desender, M. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | EMF | ||
| Magnetic fields generated by submarine power cables have a negligible effect on the swimming behavior of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) juveniles | Durif, C., Nyqvist, D., Taormina, B., Shema, S., Skiftesvik, A., Freytet, F., Browman, H. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Pelagic Fish | |
| Magnetic fields produced by subsea high-voltage direct current cables reduce swimming activity of haddock larvae (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) | Cresci, A., Durif, C., Larsen, T., Bjelland, R., Skiftesvik, A., Browman, H. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Do magnetic fields related to submarine power cables affect the functioning of a common bivalve? | Jakubowska-Lehrmann, M., Białowąs, M., Otremba, Z., Hallmann, A., Śliwińska-Wilczewska, S., Urban-Malinga, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| Can artificial magnetic fields alter the functional role of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis? | Albert, L., Maire, O., Olivier, F., Lambert, C., Romero-Ramirez, A., Jolivet, A., Chauvaud, L., Chauvaud, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| The Effects of Anthropogenic Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on the Early Development of Two Commercially Important Crustaceans, European Lobster, Homarus gammarus (L.) and Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) | Harsanyi, P., Scott, K., Easton, B., Ortiz, G., Chapman, E., Piper, A., Rochas, C., Lyndon, A. | Journal Article | EMF | Invertebrates | ||
| Insights into the behavioural responses of juvenile thornback ray Raja clavata to alternating and direct current magnetic fields | Albert, L., Olivier, F., Jolivet, A., Chauvaud, L., Chauvaud, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Electromagnetic Field Impacts on American Eel Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables | Hutchison, Z., Sigray, P., Gill, A., Michelot, T., King, T. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish | |
| Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) from Submarine Power Cables Can Trigger Strength-Dependent Behavioural and Physiological Responses in Edible Crab, Cancer pagurus (L.) | Scott, K., Harsanyi, P., Easton, B., Piper, A., Rochas, C., Lyndon, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Invertebrates | |
| WESE Deliverable 2.2 Monitoring of Electromagnetic fields | Chainho, P., Bald, J. | Report | Marine Energy, Wave | EMF | ||
| WESE Deliverable 3.1 EMF Modelling | Chainho, P., Bald, J. | Report | Marine Energy, Wave | EMF | ||
| Characterisation of the Potential Impacts of Subsea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Renewable Energy Projects | Taormina, B., Quillienn, N., Lejart, M., Carlier, A., Desroy, N., Laurans, M., Reynaud, M., Perignon, Y., Erussard, H., Derrien-Courtel, S., Le Gal, A., Derrien, R., Jolivet, A., Chavaud, S., Degret, V., Saffroy, D., Pagot, J., Barillier, A. | Report | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF, Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates | |
| A modelling evaluation of electromagnetic fields emitted by buried subsea power cables and encountered by marine animals: considerations for marine renewable energy development | Hutchison, Z., Gill, A., Sigray, P., He, H., King, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Effects of magnetic fields related to submarine power cables on the behaviour of larval rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) | Jakubowska, M., Greszkiewicz, M., Fey, D., Otremba, Z., Urban-Malinga, B., Andrulewicz, E. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, EMF | Fish | |
| Anthropogenic electromagnetic fields (EMF) influence the behaviour of bottom-dwelling marine species | Hutchison, Z., Gill, A., Sigray, P., He, H., King, J. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | ||
| Impact of magnetic fields generated by AC/DC submarine power cables on the behavior of juvenile European lobster (Homarus gammarus) | Taormina, B., Di Poi, C., Agnalt, A., Carlier, A., Desroy, N., Escobar-Lux, R., D'eu, J., Freytet, F., Durif, C. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
| Behavioral responses by migrating juvenile salmonids to a subsea high-voltage DC power cable | Wyman, M., Klimley, A., Battleson, R., Agosta, T., Chapman, E., Haverkamp, P., Pagel, M., Kavet, R. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Pelagic Fish | ||
| Electromagnetic Field (EMF) Impacts on Elasmobranch (shark, rays, and skates) and American Lobster Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables | Hutchison, Z., Sigray, P., He, H., Gill, A., King, J., Gibson, C. | Report | Marine Energy | EMF | Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Assessing potential impacts of energized submarine power cables on crab harvests | Love, M., Nishimoto, M., Clark, S., McCrea, M., Bull, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | EMF | Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
| Effects of EMF emissions from undersea electric cables on coral reef fish | Kilfoyle, A., Jermain, R., Dhanak, M., Huston, J., Spieler, R. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish | ||
| Assessment of Potential Impact of Electromagnetic Fields from Undersea Cable on Migratory Fish Behavior | Kavet, R., Wyman, M., Klimley, A., Vergara, X. | Report | Marine Energy | Attraction, EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish | |
| Renewable Energy in situ Power Cable Observation | Love, M., Nishimoto, M., Clark, S., Bull, A. | Report | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates | |
| MaRVEN - Environmental Impacts of Noise, Vibrations and Electromagnetic Emissions from Marine Renewable Energy | Thomsen, F., Gill, A., Kosecka, M., Andersson, M., André, M., Degraer, S., Folegot, T., Gabriel, J., Judd, A., Neumann, T., Norro, A., Risch, D., Sigray, P., Wood, D., Wilson, B. | Report | Marine Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, EMF | ||
| Potential interactions between diadromous fishes of U.K. conservation importance and the electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments | Gill, A., Bartlett, M., Thomsen, F. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Noise | Fish | |
| The ability of a benthic elasmobranch to discriminate between biological and artificial electric fields | Kimber, J., Sims, D., Bellamy, P., Gill, A. | Journal Article | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish | ||
| COWRIE 2.0 Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) Phase 2: EMF Sensitive Fish Response to EM Emissions from Sub-sea Electricity Cables of the Type used by the Offshore Renewable Energy Industry | Gill, A., Huang, Y., Gloyne-Philips, I., Metcalfe, J., Quayle, V., Spencer, J., Wearmouth, V. | Report | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | EMF | Fish | |
| Sub-Sea Power Cables And The Migration Behaviour Of The European Eel | Langenfelt, I., Westerberg, H. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | EMF | Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish |