Displacement Evidence Base

The evidence base for displacement consists of 22 key documents that define what we understand about the potential for marine renewable energy devices or arrays to displace marine animals. Displacement is defined by Hemery et al. (2024) as “the outcome of one of three mechanisms (i.e., attraction, avoidance, and exclusion) triggered by a receptor’s response to one or more stressors acting as a disturbance, with various consequences at the individual through to population levels”. More information on displacement can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3) and the Tethys Knowledge Base.

View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Animal displacement from marine energy development: Mechanisms and consequences Hemery, L., Garavelli, L., Copping, A., Farr, H., Jones, K., Baker-Horne, N., Kregting, L., McGarry, L., Sparling, C., Verling, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement
‘Scaling up’ our understanding of environmental effects of marine renewable energy development from single devices to large-scale commercial arrays Hasselman, D., Hemery, L., Copping, A., Fulton, E., Fox, J., Gill, A., Polagye, B. Journal Article Marine Energy Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise
Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats Maxwell, S., Kershaw, F., Locke, C., Conners, M., Dawson, C., Aylesworth, S., Loomis, R., Johnson, A. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation
A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise
Bird Displacement by Wind Turbines: Assessing Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies Marques, A., Batalha, H., Bernardino, J. Journal Article Wind Energy Avoidance, Displacement Birds
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation Palmer, L., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Russell, D., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Quantifying the effects of tidal turbine array operations on the distribution of marine mammals: Implications for collision risk Onoufriou, J., Russell, D., Thompson, D., Moss, S., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
The Use of Animal-Borne Biologging and Telemetry Data to Quantify Spatial Overlap of Wildlife with Marine Renewables Isaksson, N., Cleasby, I., Owen, E., Williamson, B., Houghton, J., Wilson, J., Masden, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions Grippo, M., Zydlewski, G., Shen, H., Goodwin, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
Modelling the impact of tidal range energy on species communities Baker, A., Craighead, R., Jarvis, E., Stenton, H., Angeloudis, A., Mackie, L., Avdis, A., Piggott, M., Hill, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates
Changes in Relative Fish Density Around a Deployed Tidal Turbine during on-Water Activities Staines, G., Zydlewski, G., Viehman, H. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance Fish
Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Kelsey, E., Felis, J., Czapanskiy, M., Pereksta, D., Adams, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Fish Distributions in a Tidal Channel Indicate the Behavioural Impact of a Marine Renewable Energy Installation Fraser, S., Williamson, B., Nikora, V., Scott, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction Fish
Empirical measures of harbor seal behavior and avoidance of an operational tidal turbine Joy, R., Wood, J., Sparling, C., Tollit, D., Copping, A., McConnell, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) around an operational tidal turbine in Strangford Narrows: No barrier effect but small changes in transit behaviour Sparling, C., Lonergan, M., McConnell, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Displacement Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Analysis of the Possible Displacement of Bird and Marine Mammal Species Related to the Installation and Operation of Marine Energy Conversion Systems Long, C. Report Marine Energy Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Avoidance of Wind Farms by Harbour Seals is Limited to Pile Driving Activities Russell, D., Hastie, G., Thompson, D., Janik, V., Hammond, P., Scott-Hayward, L., Matthiopoulos, J., Jones, E., McConnell, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Seabirds and Offshore Wind Farms in European Waters: Avoidance and Attraction Dierschke, V., Furness, R., Garthe, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance, Attraction Seabirds, Birds
An Interim Framework for Assessing the Population Consequences of Disturbance King, S., Schick, R., Donovan, C., Booth, C., Burgman, M., Thomas, L., Harwood, J. Journal Article Ecosystem Processes
Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration Krijgsveld, K. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds
Assessing Northern Gannet Avoidance of Offshore Windfarms Rehfisch, M., Barrett, Z., Brown, L., Buisson, R., Perez-Dominguez, R., Clough, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance Seabirds, Birds
Offshore Marine Renewable Energy Devices as Stepping Stones Across Biogeographical Boundaries Adams, T., Miller, R., Aleynik, D., Burrows, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Displacement Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates
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