Abstract
The global energy demand is growing, and the world is shifting towards using more renewable energy, like increased onshore wind power development. We used Global Positioning System (GPS) and Very High Frequency (VHF) location data from adult, territorial wolves Canis lupus in Scandinavia (Sweden and Norway; 1999–2021), to examine the potential for wind power development to affect wolf behavioural ecology. We examined the spatial overlap of areas proposed for wind power development with wolf territory activity centres prior to construction, to test to what extent overlap varies with season, time of day and social status (breeding versus non-breeding wolves). Measures of overlap were the distance between wolf activity centre points and nearest proposed wind turbine, the probability of proposed wind turbines being within the activity centre, and the density of proposed wind turbines within the activity centre. The wolf activity centre points were closer to sites of proposed turbines in early summer than in late winter and the density of proposed turbines in the activity centre was higher in early summer than in late winter. These findings probably result from an altitudinal shift in wolf area use between summer and winter. We also found that the probability for proposed turbines to be within the activity centre was higher for non-breeding than for breeding wolves during early summer, whereas it was higher for breeding compared to non-breeding wolves during late winter. This difference might be an effect of that breeding wolves have a restricted area use during the early summer season (denning period), resulting in a lower probability of turbines being inside their activity centre as compared to late winter. There was no clear pattern for other seasonal and social status differences. The results should be viewed as a starting point for further research and supplemented with before-after studies.