Abstract
Wind power plays a central role in global low-carbon energy transitions, offering significant environmental benefits through reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased reliance on fossil fuels. Yet, local opposition to wind projects persists, often driven by perceived externalities affecting communities and landscapes. This study conducts a PRISMA-guided systematic review of literature published between 1984 and 2025 to identify key externalities associated with wind energy and assess their influence on individuals' Willingness To Pay (WTP). A total of 182 relevant studies were included. Findings reveal a broad spectrum of externalities: positive effects such as climate change mitigation, improved energy security, job creation, and local economic gains, and negative impacts including visual intrusion, noise, and wildlife disruptions. Evidence suggests that WTP increases when environmental benefits are salient, while visual and noise impacts substantially lower WTP, especially among locally affected groups. Additionally, social acceptance is strongly shaped by procedural factors, including community participation and perceived fairness in planning processes. Overall, the review underscores the need for context-sensitive, participatory approaches to wind energy planning to enhance social acceptance and support an equitable transition to sustainable energy systems.