The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
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This is EPIC: Extensive Periphery for Impact and Control to study seabird habitat loss in and around offshore wind farms combining a peripheral control area and Bayesian statistics | Grundlehner, A.; Leopold, M.; Kersten, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds | |
Marine artificial light at night: Implications and potential hazards for offshore songbird and bat movements in the Greater North Sea | Walsh, C.; Hüppop, O.; Karwinkel, T.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Which is worse for wildlife, wind farms or oil drilling? | Hardach, S. | Magazine Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
Floating Offshore Wind Energy Infrastructure | Nielsen, K.; Robertson, B.; Sierman, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement | |
Developing the Offshore Wind that Birds Need | Seavy, N.; Wojcicki, S.; Madden, A.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement | |
Will red-crowned cranes avoid coastal wind farms? A research based on satellite tracking in Yancheng coastal wetland | Hu, X.; Wu, D.; Chen, H.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Shorebirds | |
Scenarios for Replacing Conventional Energy With Offshore Renewable Energy Along the Central California Coast | Ruttenberg, B.; Wang, Y. ; Walter, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Offshore wind and impacts on migratory waterfowl of the Atlantic flyway | White, M. | Thesis | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy | |
How should the use of offshore wind farms by birds be approached and should it be encouraged? | Henry, S.; Bourgeois, K.; Cadiou, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Birds | |
Avoidance and attraction responses of kittiwakes to three offshore wind farms in the North Sea | Pollock, C.; Johnston, D.; Boersch-Supan, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Avoidance & Minimisation of Environmental Impacts from Offshore Wind & Grid Infrastructure | Offshore Coalition For Energy & Nature (OCEaN) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning, Stakeholder Engagement | |
Options for biodiversity-friendly designs and approaches for offshore wind farms in Ireland | BlueWise Marine | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
How is cumulative seabird displacement from offshore wind farms assessed and verified, and what does current and future cumulative displacement look like? | Hall, R. | Thesis | Wind Energy | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Technology Gaps for Monitoring Birds and Marine Mammals at Offshore Wind Facilities | Courbis, S.; Williams, K.; Stepanuk, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Marine Mammals | |
Evaluating the Impacts of Offshore Wind Development on Marine Ecosystems | King, C. | Thesis | Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Noise, Vessel Strike | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
A synthetic analysis of post-construction displacement and attraction of marine birds at offshore wind energy installations | Lamb, J.; Gulka, J.; Adams, E.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Displacement | Birds | |
Spatial planning offshore wind energy farms in California for mediating fisheries and wildlife conservation impacts | White, C.; Wang, Y-H; Walter, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Entanglement | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Commercial Wind Lease Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Offshore Maine | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); US Department of the Interior (DOI) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds, Physical Environment, Water Quality, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Marine Spatial Planning, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Stakeholder Engagement | |
Collaboration for Environmental Mitigation and Nature Inclusive Design (CEMNID) | Xodus Group; The Rich North Sea - De Rijke Noordzee | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Guidance for Pre- and Post-Construction Monitoring to Detect Changes in Marine Bird Distributions and Habitat Use Related to Offshore Wind Development | Avian Displacement Guidance Committee | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Displacement | Birds | |
Wind Energy: Technologies and Approaches to Help Address Environmental Effects | United States Government Accountability Office | Report | Wind Energy | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
Black Terns (Chlidonias niger) beyond the breeding grounds: Occurrence, relative density, and habitat associations in the northern Gulf of Mexico | Michael, P.; Gleason, J.; Haney, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds | |
Trends in greater sage-grouse lek counts relative to existing wind energy development in Wyoming | Smith, K.; LeBeau, C.; Hoskovec, L.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds | |
Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations | Danovaro, R.; Bianchelli, S.; Brambilla, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Reduced survival in a soaring bird breeding in wind turbine proximity along the northern Baltic Sea coast | Nebel, C.; Stjernberg, T.; Tikkanen, H.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
The Potential Environmental Impacts of Floating Offshore Wind in California | California Ocean Science Trust | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Detection and Deterrent System in Reducing Golden Eagle Fatalities at Operational Wind Facilities | Felton, S.; Perkins, L.; Smith, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
Assessing the Ecological and Social Impact of Wind Farms: A Comprehensive Study | Rottbers, A. | Thesis | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Invertebrates, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data | |
A framework for studying the effects of offshore wind energy development on birds and bats in the Eastern United States | Williams, K.; Gulka, J.; Cook, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds | |
Assessing exposure to wind turbines of a migratory raptor through its annual life cycle across continents | Assandri, G.; Bazzi, G.; Bermejo-Bermejo, A.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
SEABIRD: System for Environmental Assessment of Bird/Bat Interactions with Real-time Detection | Chang, G.; Chevitarese, M.; Kramer, S.; et al. | Conference Paper | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds | |
Lack of evasive behaviour by a Martial Eagle Polemaetus bellicosus on impact with a turbine blade at a South African wind farm: causes and mitigations; Absence de comportement évasif d’un Aigle martial Polemaetus bellicosus lors de l’impact avec une pale | Simmons, R.; Martins, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
A review on the interactions between engineering and marine life: key information for engineering professionals | Dobson, T.; Lenchine, V.; Bainbridge, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
Offshore Wind Facts: Birds and Bats | Special Initiative on Offshore Wind | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds | |
Drivers of flight altitude during nocturnal bird migration over the North Sea and implications for offshore wind energy | Bradaric, M.; Kranstauber, B.; Bouten, W.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds | |
Thornton Bank Offshore Wind Farm Annual Report 2023 | Magnus, D. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise, Vessel Strike | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality | |
What level of monitoring is enough to detect displacement effects of offshore wind farms? | Hall, R.; Black, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Challenges in quantifying the responses of Black-legged Kittiwakes Rissa tridactyla to habitat variables and local stressors due to individual variation | O'Hanlon, N.; Thaxter, C.; Clewley, G.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Using remote-sensing data to study the rapid growth of wind farms and their impact on bird habitat in Yellow Sea Wetland, China | Zheng, Y.; Wu, J.; Sheviakina, N.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds | |
Wind Farms and Power Lines Reduced the Territory Status and Probability of Fledgling Production in the Eurasian Goshawk Accipiter gentilis | Husby, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Birds, Raptors | |
Cumulative effects of offshore wind farms on common guillemots (Uria aalge) in the southern North Sea - climate versus biodiversity? | Peschko, V.; Schwemmer, H.; Mercker, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Approach Distances of Scottish Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos to Wind Turbines According to Blade Motion Status, Wind Speed, and Preferred Habitat | Fielding, A.; Anderson, D.; Benn, S.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Birds, Raptors | |
Behavioural responses of Sandwich terns following the construction of offshore wind farms | Thaxter, C.; Green, R.; Collier, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Seabirds | |
Long-term impacts of the Smøla wind farm on a local population of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) | Stokke, B.; Dahl, E.; Kleven, O.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Assessing the Use of Long-Term Lek Survey Data to Evaluate the Effect of Landscape Characteristics and Wind Facilities on Sharp Tailed Grouse Lek Dynamics in North Dakota and South Dakota | Shaffer, J.; Buhl, D.; Newton, W. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Birds | |
How far are birds, bats, and terrestrial mammals displaced from onshore wind power development? – A systematic review | Tolvanen, A.; Routavaara, H.; Jokikokko, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Bats, Birds, Terrestrial Mammals | |
Wind farms and Griffon Vultures: Evidence that under certain conditions history is not-always turbulent | Farfan, M.; Díaz-Ruiz, F.; Duarte, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Raptors | |
Joint OSPAR/HELCOM/ICES Working Group on Seabirds (JWGBIRDS; Outputs from 2022 Meeting) | Dierschke, V.; Frederiksen, M.; Glemarec, G.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Avoidance of offshore wind farms by Sandwich Terns in the North Sea increases with turbine density | van Bemmelen, R.; Leemans, J.; Collier, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Birds, Seabirds | |
Quick scan of effects from large upscaling of offshore wind (part C) | Quee, N. | Report | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals |
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