Abstract
Ecosystems are complex and dynamic. Our understanding of how they work and how they respond to natural and anthropogenic disturbances is limited. Unexpected events are inevitable. This makes ecosystem management and restoration challenging: What conditions, structures, and functions should we restore? How do we achieve these goals? Restoration goals are based on values, and AM cannot help resolve conflicts over values. However, it can aid in answering the second question and in implementing restoration in the face of change, surprises, and uncertainty.