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The Perception of Weak Electric D.C. Currents by the European Eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Abstract

  1. Eels were conditioned to exhibit bradycardia to d.c. electric currents.
  2. Current thresholds averaged 0·08 μA/cm2 (lowest value 0·04 μA/cm2) in fresh water of resistivity 3 × 104 Ω·cm and increased with decreasing water resistivity (increasing salinity) to 9·5 μA/cm2 at 75 Ω·cm. Thresholds were 2–3 times higher for a current direction perpendicular than parallel to the fish's body.
  3. Calculated voltage gradient thresholds were 0·4–0·6 mV/cm and independent of water resistivity, except for purest fresh water used (3 × 104 Ω·cm) where the threshold was 2·4 mV/cm.