Collision Risk Evidence Base

The collision risk evidence base consists of 40 key documents that define what we understand about the risk of collision with tidal turbines for marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds. Additional information on collision risk can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science (Chapter 3), and the Tethys Knowledge Base. 

View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.

Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
A Probabilistic Methodology for Determining Collision Risk of Marine Animals with Tidal Energy Turbines Copping, A., Hasselman, D., Bangley, C., Culina, J., Carcas, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Quantifying conditional probabilities of fish-turbine encounters and impacts Peraza, J., Horne, J. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Imaging-sonar observations of salmonid interactions with a vertical axis instream turbine Bender, A., Langhamer, O., Francisco, F., Forslund, J., Hammar, L., Sundberg, J., Molander, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Fish response to the presence of hydrokinetic turbines as a sustainable energy solution Müller, S., Muhawenimana, V., Sonnino-Sorisio, G., Wilson, C., Cable, J., Ouro, P. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine Attraction, Avoidance Fish
Characterizing Sockeye Salmon Smolt Interactions with a Hydrokinetic Turbine in the Kvichak River, Alaska Courtney, M., Flanigan, A., Hostetter, M., Seitz, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Riverine Collision Fish
Tidal streams, fish, and seabirds: Understanding the linkages between mobile predators, prey, and hydrodynamics Couto, A., Williamson, B., Cornulier, T., Fernandes, P., Fraser, S., Chapman, J., Davies, I., Scott, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish
Experimental study of fish behavior near a tidal turbine model under dark conditions Yoshida, T., Furuichi, D., Williamson, B., Zhou, J., Dong, S., Li, Q., Kitazawa, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise
Quantifying the effects of tidal turbine array operations on the distribution of marine mammals: Implications for collision risk Onoufriou, J., Russell, D., Thompson, D., Moss, S., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation Palmer, L., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Russell, D., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Subsea video monitoring Smith, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals
Harbour porpoises exhibit localized evasion of a tidal turbine Gillespie, D., Palmer, L., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Collision risk modelling for tidal energy devices: A flexible simulation-based approach Horne, N., Culloch, R., Schmitt, P., Lieber, L., Wilson, B., Dale, A., Houghton, J., Kregting, L. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions Grippo, M., Zydlewski, G., Shen, H., Goodwin, A. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish
Passive acoustic methods for tracking the 3D movements of small cetaceans around marine structures Gillespie, D., Palmer, L., Macauley, J., Sparling, C., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
An agent-based model to predict fish collisions with tidal stream turbines Rossington, K., Benson, T. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Empirical Determination of Severe Trauma in Seals from Collisions with Tidal Turbine Blade Onoufriou, J., Brownlow, A., Moss, S., Hastie, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Marine Spatial Planning
Empirical measures of harbor seal behavior and avoidance of an operational tidal turbine Joy, R., Wood, J., Sparling, C., Tollit, D., Copping, A., McConnell, B. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Harbour Seals Avoid Tidal Turbine Noise: Implications for Collision Risk Hastie, G., Russell, D., Lepper, P., Elliot, J., Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Thompson, D. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Noise Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Understanding the Potential Risk to Marine Mammals from Collision with Tidal Turbines Copping, A., Grear, M., Jepsen, R., Chartrand, C., Gorton, A. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision Marine Mammals
Hydroacoustic Assessment of Behavioral Responses by Fish Passing Near an Operating Tidal Turbine in the East River, New York Bevelhimer, M., Scherelis, C., Colby, J., Adonizio, M. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance Fish
Triton: Igiugig Fish Video Analysis Matzner, S., Trostle, C., Staines, G., Hull, R., Avila, A., Harker-Klimes, G. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Fish
Behavioral Responses of Fish to a Current-Based Hydrokinetic Turbine Under Multiple Operational Conditions: Final Report Grippo, M., Shen, H., Zydlewski, G., Rao, S., Goodwin, A. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Fish
Interactions of Aquatic Animals with the ORPC OCGen in Cobscook Bay, Maine: Monitoring Behavior Change and Assessing the Probability of Encounter with a Deployed MHK Device Zydlewski, G., Staines, G., Viehman, H., Shen, H., Altenritter, M. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Fish
Estimating the probability of fish encountering a marine hydrokinetic device Shen, H., Zydlewski, G., Viehman, H., Staines, G. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish
Harbor Seal - Tidal Turbine Collision Risk Models. An Assessment of Sensitivities. Wood, J., Joy, R., Sparling, C. Report Tidal, Marine Energy Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Brims Tidal Array Collision Risk Modelling - Atlantic Salmon Xodus Group Report Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Advancing a Key Consenting Risk for Tidal Energy: The Risk of Marine Mammal Collision for In-Stream Tidal Energy Devices Booth, C., Sparling, C., Wood, J., Tollitt, D., Scott-Heyward, L., Rexstad, E., Hultgren, Y., Johnsson, M., Knutzen, E. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Improvements to Probabilistic Tidal Turbine-Fish Interaction Model Parameters Tomichek, C., Colby, J., Adonizio, M. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Avoidance, Collision Fish, Demersal Fish
A Probabilistic Model for Hydrokinetic Turbine Collision Risks: Exploring Impacts on Fish Hammar, L., Eggertsen, L., Andersson, S., Ehnberg, J., Arvidsson, R., Gullström, M., Molander, S. Journal Article Marine Energy Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision Fish, Pelagic Fish
Evaluation of Behavior and Survival of Fish Exposed to an Axial-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine Amaral, S., Bevelhimer, M., Cada, G., Giza, D., Jacobson, P., McMahon, B., Pracheil, B. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Collision, Avoidance Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish
Fish Interactions with a Commercial-Scale Tidal Energy Device in the Natural Environment Viehman, H., Zydlewski, G. Journal Article Tidal, Marine Energy Pelagic Fish, Fish
Survival and Behavioral Effects of Exposure to a Hydrokinetic Turbine on Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Adult American Shad Castro-Santos, T., Haro, A. Journal Article Marine Energy Pelagic Fish, Fish
Simulating Blade-Strike on Fish Passing Through Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines Romero-Gomez, P., Richmond, M. Journal Article Tidal, Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish
Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Blade Carlson, T., Grear, M., Copping, A., Halvorsen, M., Jepsen, R., Metzinger, K. Report Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Marine Mammals
Hydrokinetic Turbine Effects on Fish Swimming Behaviour Hammar, L., Andersson, S., Eggertsen, L., Haglund, J., Gullström, M., Ehnberg, J., Molander, S. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal Collision Fish, Demersal Fish
Laboratory Experiments on the Effects of Blade Strike from Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies on Larval and Juvenile Freshwater Fishes Schweizer, P., Cada, G., Bevelhimer, M. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Fish
Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines Amaral, S., Perkins, N., Giza, D., McMahon, B. Report Riverine, Marine Energy Collision Fish
Short Term Temporal Behavioural Responses in Pollack, Pollachius pollachius to Marine Tidal Turbine Devices; a Combined Video and ADCP Doppler Approach Broadhurst, M., Barr, S. Conference Paper Marine Energy, Tidal Fish, Demersal Fish
Collision Risks Between Marine Renewable Energy Devices and Mammals, Fish and Diving Birds Wilson, B., Batty, R., Daunt, F., Carter, C. Report Marine Energy Collision Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
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