The collision risk evidence base consists of 40 key documents that define what we understand about the risk of collision with tidal turbines for marine mammals, fish, and diving seabirds. Additional information on collision risk can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3), the 2020 State of the Science (Chapter 3), and the Tethys Knowledge Base.
View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A Probabilistic Methodology for Determining Collision Risk of Marine Animals with Tidal Energy Turbines | Copping, A., Hasselman, D., Bangley, C., Culina, J., Carcas, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | |
| Quantifying conditional probabilities of fish-turbine encounters and impacts | Peraza, J., Horne, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Fish | |
| Imaging-sonar observations of salmonid interactions with a vertical axis instream turbine | Bender, A., Langhamer, O., Francisco, F., Forslund, J., Hammar, L., Sundberg, J., Molander, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Riverine | Attraction, Avoidance | Fish | |
| Fish response to the presence of hydrokinetic turbines as a sustainable energy solution | Müller, S., Muhawenimana, V., Sonnino-Sorisio, G., Wilson, C., Cable, J., Ouro, P. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Riverine | Attraction, Avoidance | Fish | |
| Characterizing Sockeye Salmon Smolt Interactions with a Hydrokinetic Turbine in the Kvichak River, Alaska | Courtney, M., Flanigan, A., Hostetter, M., Seitz, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Riverine | Collision | Fish | |
| Tidal streams, fish, and seabirds: Understanding the linkages between mobile predators, prey, and hydrodynamics | Couto, A., Williamson, B., Cornulier, T., Fernandes, P., Fraser, S., Chapman, J., Davies, I., Scott, B. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Fish | |
| Experimental study of fish behavior near a tidal turbine model under dark conditions | Yoshida, T., Furuichi, D., Williamson, B., Zhou, J., Dong, S., Li, Q., Kitazawa, D. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Fish | |
| A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy | Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave | Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | ||
| Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation | Palmer, L., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Russell, D., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Quantifying the effects of tidal turbine array operations on the distribution of marine mammals: Implications for collision risk | Onoufriou, J., Russell, D., Thompson, D., Moss, S., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Shetland Tidal Array Monitoring Report: Subsea video monitoring | Smith, K. | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Pelagic Fish, Marine Mammals | |
| Harbour porpoises exhibit localized evasion of a tidal turbine | Gillespie, D., Palmer, L., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| Collision risk modelling for tidal energy devices: A flexible simulation-based approach | Horne, N., Culloch, R., Schmitt, P., Lieber, L., Wilson, B., Dale, A., Houghton, J., Kregting, L. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions | Grippo, M., Zydlewski, G., Shen, H., Goodwin, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Fish | |
| Passive acoustic methods for tracking the 3D movements of small cetaceans around marine structures | Gillespie, D., Palmer, L., Macauley, J., Sparling, C., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | ||
| An agent-based model to predict fish collisions with tidal stream turbines | Rossington, K., Benson, T. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Fish | |
| Empirical Determination of Severe Trauma in Seals from Collisions with Tidal Turbine Blade | Onoufriou, J., Brownlow, A., Moss, S., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | ||
| Empirical measures of harbor seal behavior and avoidance of an operational tidal turbine | Joy, R., Wood, J., Sparling, C., Tollit, D., Copping, A., McConnell, B. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Harbour Seals Avoid Tidal Turbine Noise: Implications for Collision Risk | Hastie, G., Russell, D., Lepper, P., Elliot, J., Wilson, B., Benjamins, S., Thompson, D. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Understanding the Potential Risk to Marine Mammals from Collision with Tidal Turbines | Copping, A., Grear, M., Jepsen, R., Chartrand, C., Gorton, A. | Journal Article | Tidal, Marine Energy | Collision | Marine Mammals | |
| Hydroacoustic Assessment of Behavioral Responses by Fish Passing Near an Operating Tidal Turbine in the East River, New York | Bevelhimer, M., Scherelis, C., Colby, J., Adonizio, M. | Journal Article | Tidal, Marine Energy | Collision, Avoidance | Fish | |
| Triton: Igiugig Fish Video Analysis | Matzner, S., Trostle, C., Staines, G., Hull, R., Avila, A., Harker-Klimes, G. | Report | Riverine, Marine Energy | Fish | ||
| Behavioral Responses of Fish to a Current-Based Hydrokinetic Turbine Under Multiple Operational Conditions: Final Report | Grippo, M., Shen, H., Zydlewski, G., Rao, S., Goodwin, A. | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal | Fish | ||
| Interactions of Aquatic Animals with the ORPC OCGen in Cobscook Bay, Maine: Monitoring Behavior Change and Assessing the Probability of Encounter with a Deployed MHK Device | Zydlewski, G., Staines, G., Viehman, H., Shen, H., Altenritter, M. | Report | Tidal, Marine Energy | Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance | Fish | |
| Estimating the probability of fish encountering a marine hydrokinetic device | Shen, H., Zydlewski, G., Viehman, H., Staines, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Fish | |
| Harbor Seal - Tidal Turbine Collision Risk Models. An Assessment of Sensitivities. | Wood, J., Joy, R., Sparling, C. | Report | Tidal, Marine Energy | Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals | ||
| Brims Tidal Array Collision Risk Modelling - Atlantic Salmon | Xodus Group | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Fish, Pelagic Fish | |
| Advancing a Key Consenting Risk for Tidal Energy: The Risk of Marine Mammal Collision for In-Stream Tidal Energy Devices | Booth, C., Sparling, C., Wood, J., Tollitt, D., Scott-Heyward, L., Rexstad, E., Hultgren, Y., Johnsson, M., Knutzen, E. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Marine Mammals | |
| Improvements to Probabilistic Tidal Turbine-Fish Interaction Model Parameters | Tomichek, C., Colby, J., Adonizio, M. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| A Probabilistic Model for Hydrokinetic Turbine Collision Risks: Exploring Impacts on Fish | Hammar, L., Eggertsen, L., Andersson, S., Ehnberg, J., Arvidsson, R., Gullström, M., Molander, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision | Fish, Pelagic Fish | |
| Evaluation of Behavior and Survival of Fish Exposed to an Axial-Flow Hydrokinetic Turbine | Amaral, S., Bevelhimer, M., Cada, G., Giza, D., Jacobson, P., McMahon, B., Pracheil, B. | Journal Article | Tidal, Marine Energy | Collision, Avoidance | Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Fish Interactions with a Commercial-Scale Tidal Energy Device in the Natural Environment | Viehman, H., Zydlewski, G. | Journal Article | Tidal, Marine Energy | Pelagic Fish, Fish | ||
| Survival and Behavioral Effects of Exposure to a Hydrokinetic Turbine on Juvenile Atlantic Salmon and Adult American Shad | Castro-Santos, T., Haro, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Pelagic Fish, Fish | ||
| Simulating Blade-Strike on Fish Passing Through Marine Hydrokinetic Turbines | Romero-Gomez, P., Richmond, M. | Journal Article | Tidal, Riverine, Marine Energy | Collision | Pelagic Fish, Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Assessment of Strike of Adult Killer Whales by an OpenHydro Tidal Turbine Blade | Carlson, T., Grear, M., Copping, A., Halvorsen, M., Jepsen, R., Metzinger, K. | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Marine Mammals | |
| Hydrokinetic Turbine Effects on Fish Swimming Behaviour | Hammar, L., Andersson, S., Eggertsen, L., Haglund, J., Gullström, M., Ehnberg, J., Molander, S. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Collision | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
| Laboratory Experiments on the Effects of Blade Strike from Hydrokinetic Energy Technologies on Larval and Juvenile Freshwater Fishes | Schweizer, P., Cada, G., Bevelhimer, M. | Report | Riverine, Marine Energy | Collision | Fish | |
| Evaluation of Fish Injury and Mortality Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines | Amaral, S., Perkins, N., Giza, D., McMahon, B. | Report | Riverine, Marine Energy | Collision | Fish | |
| Short Term Temporal Behavioural Responses in Pollack, Pollachius pollachius to Marine Tidal Turbine Devices; a Combined Video and ADCP Doppler Approach | Broadhurst, M., Barr, S. | Conference Paper | Marine Energy, Tidal | Fish, Demersal Fish | ||
| Collision Risks Between Marine Renewable Energy Devices and Mammals, Fish and Diving Birds | Wilson, B., Batty, R., Daunt, F., Carter, C. | Report | Marine Energy | Collision | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans |