The evidence base for displacement consists of 22 key documents that define what we understand about the potential for marine renewable energy devices or arrays to displace marine animals. Displacement is defined by Hemery et al. (2024) as “the outcome of one of three mechanisms (i.e., attraction, avoidance, and exclusion) triggered by a receptor’s response to one or more stressors acting as a disturbance, with various consequences at the individual through to population levels”. More information on displacement can be found in the 2024 State of the Science (Chapter 3) and the Tethys Knowledge Base.
View the other evidence bases for risk retirement here.
| Title | Author | Date Sort ascending | Content Type | Technology | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Animal displacement from marine energy development: Mechanisms and consequences | Hemery, L., Garavelli, L., Copping, A., Farr, H., Jones, K., Baker-Horne, N., Kregting, L., McGarry, L., Sparling, C., Verling, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave | Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement | ||
| ‘Scaling up’ our understanding of environmental effects of marine renewable energy development from single devices to large-scale commercial arrays | Hasselman, D., Hemery, L., Copping, A., Fulton, E., Fox, J., Gill, A., Polagye, B. | Journal Article | Marine Energy | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | ||
| Potential impacts of floating wind turbine technology for marine species and habitats | Maxwell, S., Kershaw, F., Locke, C., Conners, M., Dawson, C., Aylesworth, S., Loomis, R., Johnson, A. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Displacement, Entanglement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Navigation | |
| A Review of Modeling Approaches for Understanding and Monitoring the Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy | Buenau, K., Garavelli, L., Hemery, L., Garcia Medina, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave | Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | ||
| Bird Displacement by Wind Turbines: Assessing Current Knowledge and Recommendations for Future Studies | Marques, A., Batalha, H., Bernardino, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Avoidance, Displacement | Birds | |
| Quantifying the effects of tidal turbine array operations on the distribution of marine mammals: Implications for collision risk | Onoufriou, J., Russell, D., Thompson, D., Moss, S., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) presence is reduced during tidal turbine operation | Palmer, L., Gillespie, D., Macaulay, J., Sparling, C., Russell, D., Hastie, G. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
| The Use of Animal-Borne Biologging and Telemetry Data to Quantify Spatial Overlap of Wildlife with Marine Renewables | Isaksson, N., Cleasby, I., Owen, E., Williamson, B., Houghton, J., Wilson, J., Masden, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment | ||
| Behavioral responses of fish to a current-based hydrokinetic turbine under multiple operational conditions | Grippo, M., Zydlewski, G., Shen, H., Goodwin, A. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Fish | |
| Modelling the impact of tidal range energy on species communities | Baker, A., Craighead, R., Jarvis, E., Stenton, H., Angeloudis, A., Mackie, L., Avdis, A., Piggott, M., Hill, J. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates | |
| Changes in Relative Fish Density Around a Deployed Tidal Turbine during on-Water Activities | Staines, G., Zydlewski, G., Viehman, H. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance | Fish | |
| Collision and displacement vulnerability to offshore wind energy infrastructure among marine birds of the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf | Kelsey, E., Felis, J., Czapanskiy, M., Pereksta, D., Adams, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
| Fish Distributions in a Tidal Channel Indicate the Behavioural Impact of a Marine Renewable Energy Installation | Fraser, S., Williamson, B., Nikora, V., Scott, B. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Attraction | Fish | |
| Empirical measures of harbor seal behavior and avoidance of an operational tidal turbine | Joy, R., Wood, J., Sparling, C., Tollit, D., Copping, A., McConnell, B. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Collision | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) around an operational tidal turbine in Strangford Narrows: No barrier effect but small changes in transit behaviour | Sparling, C., Lonergan, M., McConnell, B. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal | Avoidance, Displacement | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Analysis of the Possible Displacement of Bird and Marine Mammal Species Related to the Installation and Operation of Marine Energy Conversion Systems | Long, C. | Report | Marine Energy | Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Marine Mammals | |
| Avoidance of Wind Farms by Harbour Seals is Limited to Pile Driving Activities | Russell, D., Hastie, G., Thompson, D., Janik, V., Hammond, P., Scott-Hayward, L., Matthiopoulos, J., Jones, E., McConnell, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Noise | Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds | |
| Seabirds and Offshore Wind Farms in European Waters: Avoidance and Attraction | Dierschke, V., Furness, R., Garthe, S. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Habitat Change, Avoidance, Attraction | Seabirds, Birds | |
| An Interim Framework for Assessing the Population Consequences of Disturbance | King, S., Schick, R., Donovan, C., Booth, C., Burgman, M., Thomas, L., Harwood, J. | Journal Article | Ecosystem Processes | |||
| Avoidance Behaviour of Birds around Offshore Wind Farms: Overview of Knowledge Including Effects of Configuration | Krijgsveld, K. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds | |
| Assessing Northern Gannet Avoidance of Offshore Windfarms | Rehfisch, M., Barrett, Z., Brown, L., Buisson, R., Perez-Dominguez, R., Clough, S. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance | Seabirds, Birds | |
| Offshore Marine Renewable Energy Devices as Stepping Stones Across Biogeographical Boundaries | Adams, T., Miller, R., Aleynik, D., Burrows, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Displacement | Ecosystem Processes, Invertebrates |