TY - RPRT
TI - Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Birds and Bats: Looking into the Problem
AU - Edkins, M
AB - The collisions of birds and bats with wind turbines has been noted since the 1970s, though only in light of the recent wind energy expansion has the problem been seriously recognised. Of the major studies recording bird strikes from wind turbines many quote collision rates per turbine from 0 to over 60 collision fatalities per year, which equals 0 to 20 birds per MW per year. Many bird species feature in the collision records, including gulls, raptors, such as griffon vulture, golden eagle, red kite, kestrels, and red-tailed hawks, though it is suggested that limited information existent on passerines collisions with wind turbines is probably due to a combination of fewer studies, lower detection rates, rapid scavenger removal.Although the population level impacts are difficult to assess, studies of the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area indicate further expansion is considered likely to lead to population decline unless adequate measures are taken to substantially reduce collision risk. Form the Tarifa and Smøla studies in is stressed that collision risk is highly site-specific and the Zeebrugge study highlights bird-specific behaviour as the cause. The important factors associated with elevated collision risk identified at onshore wind farms include topography, turbine location, design, and configuration, including spacing, and land use close to turbines, whereas off-shore wind farms, though difficult to assess, seem to have less of an impact.Although the US predicted annual avian mortality as a result of collisions with wind turbines amount to 
DA - 2008/01//
PY - 2008
SP - 44
PB - University of Oxford
UR - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/238723871_IMPACTS_OF_WIND_ENERGY_DEVELOPMENTS_ON_BIRDS_AND_BATS_LOOKING_INTO_THE_PROBLEM
LA - English
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Seabirds
KW - Raptors
KW - Birds
KW - Bats
ER -