TY - JOUR
TI - A numerical study on the effect of asymmetry on underwater noise emission in offshore monopile installation
AU - Molenkamp, T
AU - Tsouvalas, A
AU - Metrikine, A
T2 - Ocean Engineering 
AB - Offshore wind energy holds significant promise as a solution in the energy transition. However, installing offshore pile foundations can generate substantial levels of underwater noise, posing potential risks to marine life. This paper examines the influence of asymmetric impact forces and pile inclination on producing underwater noise and seabed vibrations based on cases of a small- and large-diameter monopile. The study focuses on scenarios involving inclined and eccentric forces and tilted piles. The analysis reveals that nonsymmetrical conditions significantly impact the sound pressure levels around the ring frequency of the pile due to various noise generation mechanisms. However, it is observed that the vertical component of the impact force predominantly contributes to the generation of underwater noise, primarily due to its considerably higher amplitude.
DA - 2024/03//
PY - 2024
VL - 299
IS - 117351
SP - 9
UR - https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801824006887
DO - 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.117351 
LA - English
KW - Wind Energy
KW - Fixed Offshore Wind
KW - Noise
ER -