The installation of marine renewable energy (MRE) devices may alter marine habitats through mechanisms that induce physical change, such as modifying or eliminating species in a localized area, providing opportunities for colonization by new species, altering patterns of species succession, and inducing behavioral responses in marine organisms. All MRE devices must be attached to the sea bottom, either with gravity foundations, piled into the seafloor, or by one of several anchoring methods. This summary represents a general overview of the research, produced by Annex IV under Ocean Energy Systems. The table below contains the literature relevant to benthic habitats and reefing and MRE and will continue to be updated as new literature is added to Tethys.
Download the Benthic Habitats and Reefing Patterns Short Science Summary
Sources of Information on Benthic Habitats and Reefing:
| Title | Author | Date | Type of Content | Technology Type | Stressor | Receptor |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Good or Bad Vibrations? Impacts of Anthropogenic Vibration on the Marine Epibenthos | Roberts, L., Elliott, M. | October 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Setting an Agenda for Biofouling Research for the Marine Renewable Energy Industry | Loxton, J., et al. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Biodiversity Characterisation and Hydrodynamic Consequences of Marine Fouling Communities on Marine Renewable Energy Infrastructure in the Orkney Islands Archipelago, Scotland, UK | Want, A., et al. | July 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Tidal, Wave | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Turning Off the DRIP ('Data-Rich, Information-Poor') - Rationalising Monitoring with a Focus on Marine Renewable Energy Developments and the Benthos | Wilding, T., et al. | July 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem |
| Storm effects on intertidal invertebrates: increased beta diversity of few individuals and species | Corte, G., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Climate Change |
| Characterisation of the Biofouling Community on a Floating Wave Energy Device | Nall, C., Schläppy, M., Guerin, A. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wave | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Wave energy and flow reduce the abundance and size of benthic species on oyster reefs | Lunt, J., Reustle, J., Smee, D. | April 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Assessing larval connectivity for marine spatial planning in the Adriatic | Bray, L., Kassis, D., Hall-Spencer, J. | April 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| A Sound Approach to Assessing the Impact of Underwater Noise on Marine Fishes and Invertebrates | Hawkins, A., Popper, A. | March 2017 | Journal Article | N/A | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Identifying Relevant Scales of Variability for Monitoring Epifaunal Reef Communities at a Tidal Energy Extraction Site | O'Carroll, J., Kennedy, R., Savidge, G. | February 2017 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Do Changes in Current Flow as a Result of Arrays of Tidal Turbines Have an Effect on Benthic Communities? | Kregting, L., et al. | August 2016 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Energy Removal | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Patterns of Benthic Mega-Invertebrate Habitat Associations in the Pacific Northwest Continental Shelf Waters: A Reassessment | Hemery, L., Henkel, S. | August 2016 | Journal Article | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Marine Biogeographic Assessment of the Main Hawaiian Islands | Costa, B., Kendall, M. | July 2016 | Report | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Deep Green Holyhead Deep Project Phase I (0.5 MW) - Environmental Statement | Minesto | June 2016 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Socio-economics, Aesthetics |
| Annex IV 2016 State of the Science Report: Environmental Effects of Marine Renewable Energy Development Around the World | Copping, A., et al. | April 2016 | Report | Marine Energy general | Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Ecosystem, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Renewable Energy in situ Power Cable Observation | Love, M., et al. | April 2016 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2015 Environmental Monitoring Report | ORPC Maine LLC | March 2016 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat |
| Towards an Integrated Approach to Marine Benthic Monitoring | Froján, C., Cooper, K., Bolam, S. | March 2016 | Journal Article | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Environmental Monitoring of the Paimpol-Brehat Tidal Project | Barillier, A., Carlier, A. | February 2016 | Presentation | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Marine Mammals |
| Biofouling Community Composition across a Range of Environmental Conditions and Geographical Locations Suitable for Floating Marine Renewable Energy Generation | Macleod, A., et al. | February 2016 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Anthropogenic Sources of Underwater Sound can Modify how Sediment-Dwelling Invertebrates Mediate Ecosystem Properties | Solan, M., et al. | February 2016 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Riverine | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Marine Fouling Assemblages on Offshore Gas Platforms in the Southern North Sea: Effects of Depth and Distance from Shore on Biodiversity | van der Stap, T., Coolen, J., Lindeboom, H. | January 2016 | Journal Article | N/A | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Effects of Underwater Turbine Noise on Crab Larval Metamorphosis | Pine, M., Jeffs, A., Radford, C. | January 2016 | Book Chapter | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Sensitivity of the Mussel Mytilus edulis to Substrate-Borne Vibration in Relation to Anthropogenically Generated Noise | Roberts, L., et al. | October 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Wales' Marine Evidence Report | Welsh Government | October 2015 | Report | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Seabirds, Ecosystem, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Impacts of Anthropogenic Noise on Marine Life: Publication Patterns, New Discoveries, and Future Directions in Research and Management | Williams, R., et al. | October 2015 | Journal Article | N/A | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Habitat characterization of a tidal energy site using an ROV: Overcoming difficulties in a harsh environment | Greene, H. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Patterns of Benthic Mega-Invertebrate Habitat Associations in the Pacific Northwest Continental Shelf Waters | Hemery, L., Henkel, S. | July 2015 | Journal Article | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Benthic Community Composition on Submerged Reefs in the Central Great Barrier Reef | Roberts, T., et al. | June 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Environmental impacts over the seabed and benthic communities of submarine cable installation in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (bimep) | Bald, J., et al. | April 2015 | Presentation | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Identical Response of Caged Rock Crabs (Genera Metacarcinus and Cancer) to Energized and Unenergized Undersea Power Cables in Southern California, USA | Love, M., et al. | April 2015 | Journal Article | N/A | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Does Stability in Local Community Composition Depend on Temporal Variation in Rates of Dispersal and Connectivity? | Valanko, S., Norkko, J., Norkko, A. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Electromagnetic Field Impacts on Elasmobranch and American Lobster Movement and Migration from Direct Current Cables | King, J., et al. | March 2015 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Ecological Value of Submerged Breakwaters for Habitat Enhancement on a Residential Scale | Scyphers, S., Powers, S., Heck, K. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Adaptable Monitoring Package (AMP) | Polagye, B., et al. | January 2015 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general | Dynamic Device, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles |
| Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Adaptive Environmental Management Plan | N/A | November 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Fishing, Recreation |
| Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore the Pacific Northwest Volume 1: Evaluation of Continental Shelf Geology | Goldfinger, C., et al. | November 2014 | Report | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Benthic Habitat Characterization Offshore the Pacific Northwest Volume 2: Evaluation of Continental Shelf Benthic Communities | Henkel, S., et al. | November 2014 | Report | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| EMEC Fall of Warness Test Site: Environmental Appraisal | European Marine Energy Centre | August 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| Spatial and Temporal Benthic Species Assemblage Responses with a Deployed Marine Tidal Energy Device: A Small Scaled Study | Broadhurst, M., Orme, C. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem |
| Minas Passage Lobster Tracking Study 2011-2013 | Morrison, K., Broome, J., Redden, A. | July 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| EcoSpatial Information Database: U.S. Atlantic Region | Madsen, K., et al. | May 2014 | Report | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem, Fish |
| Environmental Impacts over the Seabed and Benthic Communities of Underwater Cable Installation in the Biscay Marine Energy Platform (BIMEP) | Bald, J., et al. | May 2014 | Presentation | Marine Energy general | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Flow and Benthic Ecology 4D - FLOWBEC - An Overview | Bell, P., et al. | May 2014 | Presentation | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Estimating Distribution of Sedimentary Benthic Habitats and Species on the Eastern Pacific Shelf and Detecting Effects of Device Deployment | Henkel, S., et al. | May 2014 | Presentation | Marine Energy general | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Monitoring Benthic Habitats and Biodiversity at the Tidal Energy Site of Paimpol-Brehat (Brittany, France) | Carlier, A., et al. | May 2014 | Presentation | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Littoral Characterisation of West Mainland Orkney: The Relationship between Wave Energy, Topography and the Biological Community | Want, A., Side, J., Bell, M. | April 2014 | Presentation | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Report of the Workshop on International Harmonisation of Approaches to Define Underwater Noise Exposure Criteria | Lucke, K., et al. | April 2014 | Workshop Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Second Interim Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea | March 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2013 Environmental Monitoring Report | ORPC Maine LLC | March 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Dynamic Device, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat |
| Marine Renewable Energy and Environmental Interactions: Baseline Assessments of Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles and Benthic Communities on the Oregon Shelf | Henkel, S., Suryan, R., Lagerquist, B. | February 2014 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Wave Energy Test Site Environmental Assessment: Marine Corps Base Hawaii | Naval Facilities Engineering Command (NAVFAC) | January 2014 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles |
| Offshore Marine Renewable Energy Devices as Stepping Stones Across Biogeographical Boundaries | Adams, T., et al. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem |
| Humanity and the Sea: Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions | Shields, M., Payne, A. | January 2014 | Book | Marine Energy general, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | EMF, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| MaRVEN - Environmental Impacts of Noise, Vibrations and Electromagnetic Emissions from Marine Renewables | Thomsen, F. | December 2013 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general, Tidal, Wave | EMF, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Fairhead Tidal Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Document | McGrath, C. | December 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | EMF, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Marine Renewable Energy Development: Assessing the Benthic Footprint at Multiple Scales | Miller, R., et al. | October 2013 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Benthic Community and Biological Trait Composition in Respect to Artificial Coastal Defence Structures: A Study Case in the Northern Adriatic Sea | Munari, C. | September 2013 | Journal Article | N/A | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Correlations Between Benthic Habitats and Demersal Fish Assemblages - A Case Study on the Dogger Bank (North Sea) | Sell, A., Kröncke, I. | July 2013 | Journal Article | N/A | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| New York Department of State Offshore Atlantic Ocean Study | New York Department of State | July 2013 | Report | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Noise Negatively Affects Foraging and Antipredator Behaviour in Shore Crabs | Wale, M., Simpson, S., Radford, A. | July 2013 | Journal Article | N/A | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Effects of Electromagnetic Fields on Fish and Invertebrates - FY2012 Progress Report | Woodruff, D., et al. | May 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Sound of Islay Demonstration Tidal Array, Cable Route Environmental Information | ScottishPower Renewables | May 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Bioelectric Fields of Marine Organisms: Voltage and Frequency Contributions to Detectability by Electroreceptive Predators | Bedore, C., Kajiura, S. | April 2013 | Journal Article | N/A | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Proceedings of the Oregon Marine Renewable Energy Environmental Sciences Conference | Boehlert, G., et al. | April 2013 | Conference Paper | Marine Energy general, Wave, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | EMF, Energy Removal, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Cobscook Bay Tidal Energy Project: 2012 Environmental Monitoring Report | ORPC Maine LLC | March 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Dynamic Device, Energy Removal, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat |
| Report of the Working Group on Marine Benthal and Renewable Energy Developments (WGMBRED) | International Council for the Exploration of the Sea | March 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Epibenthic Assessment of a Renewable Tidal Energy Site | Sheehan, E., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Partnership for Research In Marine Renewable Energy (PRIMaRE) | Zhang, J., et al. | January 2013 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general | Chemicals, Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Bats, Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Will Ocean Energy Harm Marine Ecosystems? | Hammar, L. | January 2013 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave | Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles |
| The Ecology of Marine Tidal Race Environments and the Impact of Tidal Energy Development | Broadhurst, M. | January 2013 | Thesis | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Bottom substrate and associated epibenthic biota of the force tidal energy test site in Minas Passage, Bay of Fundy | Morrison, K., Redden, A. | January 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates |
| The Kyle Rhea Tidal Stream Array Environmental Statement: Non-Technical Summary | Sea Generation Ltd | January 2013 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| Turbine Sound May Influence the Metamorphosis Behaviour of Estuarine Crab Megalopae | Pine, M., Jeffs, A., Radford, C. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Conceptual Models of Potential Marine and Hydrokinetic Technology Impacts on Biological Resources | Grippo, M., Hlohowskyj, I. | October 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general | EMF, Energy Removal, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| West Coast Environmental Protocols Framework: Baseline and Monitoring Studies | Klure, J., et al. | September 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal, Wave, Offshore Wind | Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles |
| Oregon State University and Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center Wave Energy Test Project | US Department of Energy | August 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) Decommissioning Programme | Low, D. | July 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Offshore Wave Energy Generation Devices: Impacts on Ocean Bio-Environment | Lin, L., Yu, H. | June 2012 | Journal Article | Marine Energy general, Wave | Chemicals, EMF, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Nearfield Habitat |
| Pilot Marine Spatial Plan for the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters | Turnbull, S. | April 2012 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general, Tidal, Wave | Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Legal and Policy |
| Study of the Acoustic Effects of Hydrokinetic Tidal Turbine in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound | Collar, C., et al. | March 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| A Bayesian approach to habitat suitability prediction | Lockett, D. | March 2012 | Thesis | Marine Energy general, Wave | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Admiralty Inlet Final License Application | Snohomish County Public Utility District No. 1 | March 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Chemicals, Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| West Orkney South Wave Energy Site Environmental Scoping Report | RSK Environment Ltd | March 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Wave | Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Socio-economics |
| Siting Study for a Hydrokinetic Energy Project Located Offshore Southeastern Florida: Protocols for Survey Methodology for Offshore Marine Hydrokinetic Energy Projects | Dehlsen Associates LLC | February 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Effects of Noise on Fish, Fisheries, and Invertebrates in the U.S. Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound-Generating Activities | Hawkins, A., Popper, A. | February 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Yaquina Bay, Oregon Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites Evaluations Study and Environmental Assessment | US Army Corps of Engineers, US Environmental Protection Agency | February 2012 | Report | N/A | Energy Removal | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Assessment of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion | Muralidharan, S. | February 2012 | Thesis | Marine Energy general, OTEC | Chemicals, Energy Removal, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat, Socio-economics |
| Large Scale Interactive Coupled 3D Modelled for Wave and Tidal Energy Resource and Environmental Impact (TeraWatt) | Heath, M., et al. | February 2012 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general, Tidal, Wave | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
| Subtidal Benthic Video and Benthic Infauna Survey and Intertidal Cable Crossing Survey | MER Assessment Corporation | January 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Nearfield Habitat |
| Evaluating Acoustic Technologies to Monitor Aquatic Organisms at Renewable Energy Sites | Horne, J., et al. | January 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| National Status and Trends Data Portal | Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment | January 2012 | Website | N/A | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Farfield Environment |
| Quantifying Benefits and Impacts of Fishing Exclusion Zones on Bio-Resources around Marine Renewable Energy Installations (QBEX) | Blondel, P., et al. | January 2012 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish, Marine Mammals |
| MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1: Environmental Statement | MeyGen | January 2012 | Report | Marine Energy general, Tidal | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Socio-economics |
| Environmental Impact Assessment of the Danish Wave Energy Center | Margheritini, L., Azzellino, A. | January 2012 | Research Study Annex IV | Marine Energy general, Wave | EMF, Energy Removal, Noise | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Sea Turtles |
| Pathways of Effects for Offshore Renewable Energy in Canada | Isaacman, L., Daborn, G. | December 2011 | Report | Marine Energy general, Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Lighting, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Birds, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles, Socio-economics |
| Low-Frequency Sounds Induce Acoustic Trauma in Cephalopods | André, M., et al. | November 2011 | Journal Article | N/A | Noise | Benthic Invertebrates |
| Guidance on Survey and Monitoring in Relation to Marine Renewable Deployments in Scotland - Draft Reports | Royal Haskoning | September 2011 | Report | Marine Energy general | N/A | Benthic Invertebrates, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Marine Mammals |
| Screening Analysis for the Environmental Risk Evaluation System - Environmental Effects of MHK Energy | Copping, A., et al. | September 2011 | Report | Marine Energy general | Chemicals, Dynamic Device, EMF, Energy Removal, Noise, Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates, Ecosystem, Farfield Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Nearfield Habitat, Sea Turtles |
| Effects on Freshwater Organisms of Magnetic Fields Associated with Hydrokinetic Turbines | Cada, G., et al. | July 2011 | Report | Marine Energy general, Riverine | EMF | Benthic Invertebrates, Fish |
