Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
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Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content |
Technology Types![]() |
Stressors | Receptors |
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Risk Evaluation for Federally Listed (Roseate Tern, Piping Plover) or Candidate (Red Knot) Bird Species in Offshore Waters: A First Step for Managing the Potential Impacts of Wind Facility Development on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf | Burger, J., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Farfield Environment |
Consequences of a Cumulative Perspective on Marine Environmental Impacts: Offshore Wind Farming and Seabirds at North Sea Scale in Context of the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive | Busch, M., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Farfield Environment |
Cumulative Impact Assessments and Bird/Wind Farm Interactions: Developing a Conceptual Framework | Masden, E., et al. | January 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds, Farfield Environment |
On the Prediction of Pile Driving Induced Underwater Sound Pressure Levels Over Long Ranges | Lippert, T., et al. | July 2013 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Noise | Farfield Environment |
Potential Climatic Impacts And Reliability Of Very Large-scale Wind Farms | Wang, C., Prinn, G. | January 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment |
Taming Hurricanes with Arrays of Offshore Wind Turbines | Jacobson, M., Archer, C., Kempton, W. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment |
Modeling Large Offshore Wind Farms Under Different Atmospheric Stability Regimes with the Park Wake Model | Peña, A., Réthoré, P., Rathmann, O. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Humber Gateway Offshore Wind Farm: Offshore ES Description of the Physical Baseline Environment | Humber Gateway Offshore Wind Farm | January 2005 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal, Static Device | Farfield Environment |
Wake Effects of Large Offshore Wind Farms Identified from Satellite SAR | Christiansen, M., Hasager, C. | October 2005 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment |
Cumulative Adverse Effects of Offshore Wind Energy Development on Wildlife | Goodale, W., Milman, A. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Precipitation reduction during Hurricane Harvey with simulated offshore wind farms | Pan, Y., Yan, C., Archer, C. | July 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment |
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects of Offshore Wind Farms - Part A: Methods | Ministry of Economic Affairs (Rijksoverheid) | July 2015 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Framework for Assessing Ecological and Cumulative Effects of Offshore Wind Farms - Part B: Description and Assessment of the Cumulative Effects of Implementing the Roadmap for Offshore Wind Power | Ministry of Economic Affairs (Rijksoverheid) | July 2015 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
On the Effect of Offshore Wind Farms on the Atmosphere and Ocean Dynamics | Ludewig, E. | January 2015 | Book | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment |
Obligations and Aspirations: A Critical Evaluation of Offshore Wind Farm Cumulative Impact Assessments | Willsteed, E., et al. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Analysis of Effects of Wind Turbine Generator Array for the Alternative Site of the Cape Wind Energy Project | Swanson, C., Subbayya, S. | August 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Simulation of Sediment Transport and Deposition from Cable Burial Operations for the Alternative Site of the Cape Wind Energy Project | Swanson, C., Isaji, T. | August 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Pelagic effects of offshore wind farm foundations in the stratified North Sea | Floeter, J., et al. | August 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment, Fish |
Cumulative impacts of offshore windfarms | Damian, H., Merck, T. | January 2014 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Micrometeorological impacts of offshore wind farms as seen in observations and simulations | Siedersleben, S., et al. | November 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Uncertainty analysis of soil-pile interactions of monopile offshore wind turbine support structures | Yeter, B., Garbatov, Y., Soares, C. | January 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Offshore Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Impacts Of Wind Farms On Surface Air Temperatures | Traiteur, J., Roy, S. | January 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Noise Measurements for Single and Multiple Operation of 50-kW Wind Turbine Generators | Hubbard, H., Shepherd, K. | February 1982 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Farfield Environment, Nearfield Habitat |
Prediction of Far Field Noise from Wind Energy Farms | Shepherd, K., Hubbard, H. | April 1986 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Farfield Environment |
Nonlocal Inadvertent Weather Modification Associated with Wind Farms in the Central United States | Lauridsen, M., Ancell, B. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment |
Assessing the Cumulative Impact of Onshore Wind Energy Developments | Scottish Natural Heritage | March 2012 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Wind Energy Scenarios for the Simulation of the German Power System Until 2050: The Effect of Social and Ecological Factors | Christ, M., et al. | January 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment, Socio-economics |
Impacts of wind farms on land surface temperature | Zhou, L., et al. | July 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Environmental Report: High Prairie II Wind Project | Minnesota Department of Commerce | February 2001 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
Long-term implications of sustained wind power growth in the United States: Potential benefits and secondary impacts | Wiser, R., et al. | October 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment, Socio-economics, Climate Change |
Climatic Impacts of Wind Power | Miller, L., Keith, D. | December 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Climate Change |
Comparison of Recent Oil and Gas, Wind Energy, and Other Anthropogenic Landscape Alteration Factors in Texas Through 2014 | Pierre, J., et al. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Physical Environment |
The Influence Of Large-Scale Wind Power On Global Climate | Keith, D., et al. | November 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Energy Removal | Farfield Environment, Socio-economics, Climate Change |
Wind Energy Development and Wildlife Conservation: Challenges and Opportunities | Kuvlesky, W. Jr., et al. | July 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | N/A | Birds, Farfield Environment |
Samlet belastning av vindkraftutbygging på fugl: standardvilkår for for- og etterundersøkelser | May, R., et al. | December 2010 | Report | Wind Energy general | N/A | Birds, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Farfield Environment |
Estimating the Political, Economic and Environmental Factors' Impact on the Installed Wind Capacity Development: A System GMM Approach | Biresselioglu, M., et al. | October 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | N/A | Farfield Environment, Socio-economics |
A New Model for Environmental and Economic Evaluation of Renewable Energy Systems: The Case of Wind Turbines | Savino, M., et al. | March 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | N/A | Farfield Environment, Socio-economics, Life Cycle Assessment |
Seabed morphodynamics due to offshore wind farms | van der Veen, H., Hulscher, S., Lapeña, B. | July 2019 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
On the Potential Impact of Lake Erie Wind Farms on Water Temperatures and Mixed‐Layer Depths: Some Preliminary 1‐D Modeling Using COHERENS | Afsharian, S., Taylor, P. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Water Quality |
Wave Climate and Coastline Response of the Dutch Coast: Investigating the effect of large-scale offshore wind farm developments in the North Sea | Ballas, G. | November 2018 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
On the Multi-Scale Interactions Between an Offshore-Wind-Turbine Wake and the Ocean-Sediment Dynamics in an Idealized Framework - A Numerical Investigation | Nagel, T., et al. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Potential Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms on North Sea Stratification | Carpenter, J., et al. | August 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Water Quality |
Exploring the wakes of large offshore wind farms | Emeis, S., et al. | January 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Offshore Wind Farm Wake Effect on Stratification and Coastal Upwelling | Paskyabi, M. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
The Influence of Large Offshore Wind Farms on the North Sea and Baltic Sea - A Comprehensive Literature Review | Clark, S., Schroeder, F., Baschek, B. | December 2014 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Water Quality |
Numerical Study for Wave-Induced Seabed Response around Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation in Donghai Offshore Wind Farm, Shanghai, China | Chang, K., Jeng, D. | July 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Large Eddy Simulation Studies of the Effects of Alignment and Wind Farm Length | Stevens, R., Gayme, D., Meneveau, C. | April 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Modelling Potential Changes in Marine Biogeochemistry due to Large-Scale Offshore Wind Farms | van der Molen, J., Rees, J., Limpenny, S. | April 2013 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
Offshore Wind Farms: Foundations and Influence on the Littoral Processes | Esteban, M., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Numerical Calculation of the Impact of Offshore Wind Farm Power Stations on Hydrodynamic Conditions | Zhang, W., Xia, H., Wang, B. | January 2009 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
On The Influence Of Large Wind Farms On The Upper Ocean Circulation | Broström, G. | November 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Sediment Transport Patterns at Trafalgar Offshore Windfarm | Besio, G., Losada, M. | May 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Effects of Wind Farm Foundations on the Water Exchange between North Sea and Baltic Sea - A First Careful Assessment Derived from the QuantAS-Off Project | Burchard, H., et al. | January 2008 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Dynamics of Scour Pits and Scour Protection - Synthesis Report and Recommendations | Whitehouse, R., Harris, J., Rees, J. | January 2008 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Scroby Sands Offshore Wind Farm - Coastal Processes Monitoring | Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS) | July 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Ormonde Project Scoping Study for Coastal and Seabed Processes | Coates, T., Skipper, C., Cranmer, G. | November 2005 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
Sand Banks, Sand Transport and Offshore Wind Farms: Technical Report | Kenyon, N., Cooper, B. | May 2005 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Coastal Process Modelling for Offshore Windfarm Environmental Impact Assessment: Best Practice Guide | Lambkin, D., et al. | September 2009 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
Sandeels in the Wind Farm Area at Horns Reef | Jensen, H., Kristensen, P., Hoffmann, E. | August 2004 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Fish, Physical Environment |
Wake Effects on Middelgrund Windfarm | Jørgensen, H., Frandsen, S., Vølund, P. | July 2003 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Offshore Wind Turbine Wakes Measured by Sodar | Barthelmie, J., et al. | April 2003 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Potential Effects of Offshore Wind Developments on Coastal Processes | Beiboer, F., Cooper, B. | January 2002 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Numerical study of multi-scale flow-sediment-structure interactions using a multiphase approach | Nagel, T. | July 2018 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Zooplankton Community Responses and the Relation to Environmental Factors from Established Offshore Wind Farms within the Rudong Coastal Area of China | Wang, T., et al. | July 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Water Quality |
Observing Cable Laying and Particle Settlement During the Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm | James, E., et al. | March 2017 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Current and Wave Effects around Windfarm Monopile Foundations | Miles, J., Martin, T, Goddard, L | March 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Foundation Damping and the Dynamics of Offshore Wind Turbine Monopiles | Carswell, W., et al. | August 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
In situ observations of suspended particulate matter plumes at an offshore wind farm, southern North Sea | Baeye, M., Fettweis, M. | August 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Preliminary Assessment of Offshore Wind Development Impacts on Marine Ecosystems | Huang, H., Hall, A. | March 2015 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Predicting the Large-Scale Consequences of Offshore Wind Turbine Array Development on a North Sea Ecosystem | van der Molen, J., et al. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
Similar Diversity-Disturbance Responses to Different Physical Impacts: Three Cases of Small-Scale Biodiversity Increase in the Belgian Part of the North Sea | De Backer, A., et al. | July 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
Habitat Engineering by Decadal-Scale Bioturbation around Shipwrecks on the Great Barrier Reef Mid-Shelf | Stieglitz, T. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
The Added Value of 'Small-Scale' Monitoring of the Soft-Sediment Endobenthos around Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea | Coates, D., Vanaverbeke, M., Magda, V. | September 2012 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Invertebrates, Physical Environment |
Human pressures on UK seabed habitats: a cumulative impact assessment | Foden, J., Rogers, S., Jones, A. | May 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment |
The Nature Of Scour Development And Scour Protection At Offshore Windfarm Foundations | Whitehouse, R., et al. | November 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment |
Adapting Offshore Wind Power Foundations to Local Environment | Hammar, L., Andersson, S., Rosenberg, R. | May 2010 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change, Noise | Invertebrates, Physical Environment |
Ecological Risk as a Tool for Evaluating the Effects of Offshore Wind Farm Construction in the North Sea | Nunneri, C., et al. | February 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Water Quality |
Benthic Communities at Horns Rev Before, During and After Construction of Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farm: Final Report | Vattenfall | May 2006 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Invertebrates, Physical Environment |
Seabed Morphology Off Southern Long Island: Studies of Artificial Reefs and Implications for Wind Farms | Flood, R. | January 2005 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Physical Environment |
First in situ evidence of wakes in the far field behind offshore wind farms | Platis, A., et al. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Physical Environment |
Kármán vortex and turbulent wake generation by wind park piles | Grashorn, S., Stanev, E. | December 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Unstructured Grid Modelling of Offshore Wind Farm Impacts on Seasonally Stratified Shelf Seas | Cazenave, P., Torres, R., Allen, J. | June 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Habitat Change | Physical Environment |
Experimental Analysis of the Wake of a Horizontal-Axis Wind-Turbine Model | Lignarolo, L., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Computationally Efficient Modelling of Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction of Offshore Wind Turbines on Gravity Footings | Damgaard, M., Andersen, L., Ibsen, L. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment |
Turbid Wakes Associated with Offshore Wind Turbines Observed with Landsat 8 | Vanhellemont, Q., Ruddick, K. | April 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Enrichment and Shifts in Macrobenthic Assemblages in an Offshore Wind Farm Area in the Belgian Part of the North Sea | Coates, D., et al. | April 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
Experimental Study on Influence of Pitch Motion on the Wake of a Floating Wind Turbine Model | Rockel, S., et al. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Dogger Bank Creyke Beck Environmental Statement - Chapter 10: Marine Water and Sediment Quality | Page, C. | March 2014 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment |
Assessing the Impact of Windfarms in Subtidal, Exposed Marine Areas | Dahlgren, T., et al. | February 2014 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment |
Seismic Response of Large-Scale Prestressed Concrete Bucket Foundation for Offshore Wind Turbines | Zhang, P., Ding, H., Conghuan, L. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Physical Environment |
How the Belgian Wind Farm Business Made us Discover the Challenging Environment of Marine Sand Dunes | Bolle, A., Mathys, M., Haerens, P. | April 2013 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | N/A | Physical Environment |
On the Effect of Structure-Induced Resistance and Mixing on Inflows into the Baltic Sea: A Numerical Model Study | Rennau, H., Schimmels, S., Burchard, H. | February 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Water Quality |
Upper Ocean Response to Large Wind Farm Effect in the Presence of Surface Gravity Waves | Paskyabi, M., Fer, I. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Monitoring of Hydrodynamic and Morphological Changes at the C-Power and Belwind Offshore Windfarm Sites - A Synthesis | Van den Eynde, D., et al. | January 2010 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
A Further Review of Sediment Monitoring Data | Carroll, B., et al. | March 2010 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Habitat Change | Physical Environment, Sediment Transport |
Impact of substantial wind farms on the local and regional atmospheric boundary layer: Case study of Zhangbei wind power base in China | Wang, Q., et al. | September 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
The Iowa Atmospheric Observatory: Revealing the Unique Boundary Layer Characteristics of a Wind Farm | Takle, E., Rajewski, D., Purdy, S. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Modelling the Effects of Wind Farming on the Local Weather Using Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model | Jawaheer, B., et al. | January 2019 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
The Influence of Real‐World Wind Turbine Deployments on Local to Mesoscale Climate | Pryor, S., Barthelmie, R., Shepherd, T. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |
Meteorological and Hydrological Effect of Wind Farm in Arid Areas | Yin, R., et al. | January 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Changes in Flow | Physical Environment |