Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
As an alternative to the Knowledge Base, check out the Map Viewer to access geotagged content in a spatial view.
| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content | Technology Types | Stressors |
Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Migration of Bats Past a Remote Island Offers Clues toward the Problem of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., Brown, A. | September 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America | Arnett, E., et al. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Understanding Wind Energy Impacts to Bats and Testing Reduction Strategies in South Texas | Weaver, S. | August 2019 | Thesis | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Relating Pre-Construction Bat Activity and Post-Construction Bat Fatality to Predict Risk at Wind Energy Facilities: A Synthesis | Hein, C., Gruver, J., Arnett, E. | March 2013 | Report | N/A | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Synthesis of Operational Mitigation Studies to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America | Arnett, E., et al. | March 2013 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| The BIO-acoustic feature extraction and classification of bat echolocation calls | Mirzaei, G., et al. | May 2012 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2012 | Rodrigues, L. | May 2012 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2013 | Rodrigues, L. | April 2013 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Thresholds for Bats Killed by Wind Turbines | Arnett, E., Barclay, R., Hein, C. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | July 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Applying Research to Conservation: Science-Based Strategies Can Save Bats at Wind Farms | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | June 2014 | Magazine Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Large-Scale Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., et al. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A New Stochastic Dynamic Tool to Improve the Accuracy of Mortality Estimates for Bats Killed at Wind Farms | Bastos, R., Santos, M., Cabral, J. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Survey of Bat Mortalities at a Wind-Energy Facility in North Dakota | Bicknell, L., Gilliam, E. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Evidence of Late-Summer Mating Readiness and Early Sexual Maturation in Migratory Tree-Roosting Bats Found Dead at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Red Aviation Lights on Wind Turbines do not Increase Bat-Turbine Collisions | Hale, A., Bennett, V. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Lighting | Bats |
| Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities | Hayes, M. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Farm Facilities in Germany Kill Noctule Bats from Near and Far | Lehnert, L., et al. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbines and Bat Mortality: Rotor Detectability Profiles | Long, C., et al. | October 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Effectiveness of Search Dogs Compared with Human Observers in Locating Bat Carcasses at Wind-Turbine Sites: A Blinded Randomized Trial | Mathews, F., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Calculation of Wind Farm Production Losses via MERRA Data in Consequence of Bat Based Temporary Wind Turbine Shut Downs | Raabe, J., Schorer, T., Junge, J. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury? | Rollins, K., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Regional-Scale Modelling of the Cumulative Impact of Wind Farms on Bats | Roscioni, F., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| The Catchment Area of Wind Farms for European Bats: A Plea for International Regulations | Voigt, C., et al. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Using echolocation monitoring to model bat occupancy and inform mitigations at wind energy facilities | Weller, T., Baldwin, J. | November 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Activity at a Proposed Wind Facility in South-Central Pennsylvania | Arnett, E., Hayes, J., Huso, M. | August 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Effectiveness of Changing Wind Turbine Cut-in Speed to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Facilities 2009 | Arnett, E., et al. | April 2009 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Patterns of Pre-Construction Bat Activity Determined Using Acoustic Monitoring at a Proposed Wind Facility in South-Central Wisconsin | Redell, D., et al. | August 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Preliminary Field Test Results of an Acoustic Deterrent with the Potential to Reduce Bat Mortality from Wind Turbines | Szewczak, J., Arnett, E. | August 2006 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Noise | Bats |
| Reducing Bat Fatalities from Interactions with Operating Wind Turbines | National Wind Technology Center | November 2013 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Assessment of Bat Mortality and Activity at Buffalo Mountain Windfarm, Eastern Tennessee | Fiedler, J. | August 2004 | Thesis | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context | Peste, F., et al. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Wildlife and Renewable Energy: German Politics Cross Migratory Bats | Voigt, C., et al. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Massive Bat Migration Across the Alps: Implications for Wind Energy Development | Bontadina, F., et al. | October 2014 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Investigating the Causes of Death for Wind Turbine-Associated Bat Fatalities | Grodsky, S., et al. | October 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Mortality of Bats at a Large-Scale Wind Power Development at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | January 2003 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbines and Bat Mortality: Interactions of Bat Echolocation Pulses with Moving Turbine Rotor Blades | Long, C., et al. | January 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines in Northwestern Europe | Rydell, J., et al. | July 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Comment on "Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities" | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. | June 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Do Habitat Characteristics Determine Mortality Risk for Bats at Wind Farms? Modelling Susceptible Species Activity Patterns and Anticipating Possible Mortality Events | Ferreira, D., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| First Report on Bat Mortalities on Wind Farms in Chile | Escobar, L., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Preliminary Evaluation on the Use of Dogs to Recover Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Arnett, E. | December 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Understanding the Risk of European Protected Species (Bats) at Onshore Wind Turbine Sites to Inform Risk Management | Mathews, F., et al. | October 2016 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Reducing the Collision Risk for Bats at Onshore Wind Turbines (RENEBAT II) | Behr, O., et al. | April 2016 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Multiple Mortality Events in Bats: A Global Review | O'Shea, T., et al. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Altering Turbine Speed Reduces Bat Mortality at Wind-Energy Facilities | Arnett, E., et al. | November 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Mitigating Bat Mortality with Turbine-Specific Curtailment Algorithms: A Model Based Approach | Behr, O., et al. | February 2017 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Fatalities at Wind Turbines may Threaten Population Viability of a Migratory Bat | Frick, W., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: A Global Perspective | Arnett, E., et al. | January 2016 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Implications for Conservation | Arnett, E., Baerwald, E. | July 2013 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| When Blade Meets Bat | Williams, W. | February 2004 | Magazine Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Mitigating the negative impacts of tall wind turbines on bats: Vertical activity profiles and relationships to wind speed | Wellig, S., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2016 | Rodrigues, L. | April 2016 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2017 | Rodrigues, L. | March 2017 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2018 | Rodrigues, L. | May 2018 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Regional Analysis of Wind Turbine-Caused Bat Mortality | Drake, D., et al. | June 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bat Mortality Due to Wind Turbines in Canada | Zimmerling, J., Francis, C. | November 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Impact of Wind Energy on Bats: A Summary of Our Current Knowledge | Hein, C., Schirmacher, M. | April 2016 | Journal Article | N/A | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Impact of wind facilities on bats in the Neotropics | Rodríguez-Durán, A., Feliciano-Robles, W. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bats in a tropical wind farm: species composition and importance of the spatial attributes of vegetation cover on bat fatalities | Bolivar-Cime, B., et al. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Inconspicuous echolocation in hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) | Corcoran, A., Weller, T. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bat fatalities at wind farms in Taiwan | Chou, C., et al. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Species composition and mortality of bats at the Osorio Wind Farm, southern Brazil | Barros, M., de Magalhaes, R., Rui, A. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Ultrasonic Bat Deterrent Technology | Kinzie, K. | June 2018 | Report | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Carcass Age and Searcher Identity Affect Morphological Assessment of Sex of Bats | Nelson, D., et al. | November 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Networking Networks for Global Bat Conservation | Kingston, T., et al. | January 2016 | Book Chapter | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| The Impacts of Small and Medium Wind Turbines on Bats | Moyle, A. | July 2016 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Mating Behavior as a Possible Cause of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P. | April 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Texturizing Wind Turbine Towers to Reduce Bat Mortality | Bennett, V., Hale, A. | July 2018 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Evaluating a Novel Approach to Optimize Operational Minimization to Reduce Bat Fatalities at the Pinnacle Wind Farm, Mineral County, West Virginia, 2015 | Schirmacher, M., et al. | April 2018 | Report | Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bats Avoid Radar Installations: Could Electromagnetic Fields Deter Bats from Colliding with Wind Turbines? | Racey, P., Nicholls, B. | March 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, EMF | Bats |
| When the Excrement Hits the Fan: Fecal Surveys Reveal Species-Specific Bat Activity at Wind Turbines | Bennett, V., Hale, A., Williams, D. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Impact of wind turbines on bat activity: an ommited long-distance concern | Barre, K., et al. | February 2017 | Presentation | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2015 | Rodrigues, L. | March 2015 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General) | Collision | Bats |
| Influence of landscape and time of year on bat-wind turbines collision risks | Roemer, C., et al. | October 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Origins and Migratory Patterns of Bats Killed by Wind Turbines in Southern Alberta: Evidence from Stable Isotopes | Baerwald, E., Patterson, W., Barclay, R. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Report of the IWG on Wind Turbines and Bat Populations 2014 | Rodrigues, L. | April 2014 | Conference Paper | Wind Energy (General) | Collision | Bats |
| A Summary of Bat Fatality Data in a Nationwide Database | Allison, T., Butryn, R. | July 2018 | Report | Wind Energy (General) | Collision | Bats |
| A bibliography of bat fatality, activity, and interactions with wind turbines | Johnson, G., Arnett, E., Hein, C. | February 2014 | Report | Wind Energy (General) | Collision | Bats |
| Acoustic mirrors as sensory traps for bats | Greif, S., Zsebok, S. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Activity of Tree Bats at Anthropogenic Tall Structures: Implications for Mortality of Bats at Wind Turbines | Jameson, J., Willis, C. | November 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Evidence that Bats Perceive Wind Turbine Surfaces to be Water | McAlexander, A. | December 2013 | Thesis | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Noctule Bats and Wind Turbines | Burrows, L. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Using Species Distribution Modelling to Predict Bat Fatality Risk at Wind Farms | Santos, H., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Factors Influencing Bat Activity and Mortality at a Wind Farm in the Mediterranean Region | Amorim, F., Rebelo, H., Rodrigues, L. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortality at a Wind Power Facility in Central Canada | Jameson, J., Willis, C. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortality at a Wind-Energy Facility in Southeastern Wisconsin | Grodsky, S., et al. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Fixing wind power's bat problem | Kumagai, J. | July 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Fatalities at Wind Farms in Northern Spain - Lessons to be Learned | Camina, A. | June 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Wind turbines as landscape impediments to the migratory connectivity of bats | Cryan, P. | May 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Mortality of Bats at Wind Turbines Links to Nocturnal Insect Migration? | Rydell, J., et al. | December 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Temporal Patterns in Capture Rate and Sex Ratio of Forest Bats in Arkansas | Perry, R., Carter, S., Thill, R. | October 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Effectiveness of Changing Wind Turbine Cut-in Speed to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Facilities 2010 | Arnett, E., et al. | May 2010 | Report | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Activity, Composition, and Collision Mortality At a Large Wind Plant in Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | December 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Deaths and Wind Turbines - A Review of Current Knowledge, and of the Information Available in the Database for Germany | Durr, T., Bach, L. | January 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat fatalities at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia: bat characteristics, and spatial and temporal patterns | Hull, C., Cawthen, L. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Bat Fatalities at Wind Farms in North-Eastern Greece | Georgiakakis, P., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Fatality at a Wind Energy Facility in the Western Cape, South Africa | Aronson, J., Thomas, A., Jordaan, S. | April 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat flight height monitored from wind masts predicts mortality risk at wind farms | Roemer, C., et al. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
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