Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
As an alternative to the Knowledge Base, check out the Map Viewer to access geotagged content in a spatial view.
| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content |
Technology Types |
Stressors | Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Resolving environmental effects of wind energy | Sinclair, K., et al. | April 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds, Marine Mammals |
| Do birds in flight respond to (ultra)violet lighting? | May, R., et al. | December 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Birds |
| Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters | Rodríguez, A., et al. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Seabirds |
| Bat activity during autumn relates to atmospheric conditions: implications for coastal wind energy development | Smith, A., McWilliams, S. | December 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Static Device | Bats |
| Life-cycle green-house gas emissions of onshore and offshore wind turbines | Wang, S., Wang, S., Jinxiang, L. | February 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Socio-economics, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Thinking Globally and Siting Locally - Renewable Energy and Biodiversity in a Rapidly Warming World | Allison, T., Root, T., Frumhoff, P. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | N/A | Human Dimensions, Climate Change |
| Impacts Of Wind Farms On Surface Air Temperatures | Traiteur, J., Roy, S. | January 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Farfield Environment |
| Life Cycle Assessment of a Multi-Megawatt Wind Turbine | Martínez, E., et al. | March 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Socio-economics, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Life-Cycle Assessment of Electricity Generation Options: The Status of Research in the Year 2001 | Gagnon, L., Bélanger, C., Uchiyama, Y. | November 2002 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Socio-economics, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America | Arnett, E., et al. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Evaluating the Environmental Impacts and Energy Performance of a Wind Farm System Utilizing the Life-Cycle Assessment Method: A Practical Case Study | Gomaa, M., et al. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Socio-economics, Life Cycle Assessment |
| Developing and Applying a GIS-Assisted Approach to Evaluate Visual Impact in Wind Farms | Molina-Ruiz, J., et al. | March 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Socio-economics, Aesthetics |
| Do you hear what I hear? Implications of detector selection for acoustic monitoring of bats | Adams, A., et al. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Bats |
| Predicting Spatial Patterns of Eagle Migration using a Mesoscale Atmospheric Model: A Case Study Associated with a Mountain-Ridge Wind Development | Ainslie, B., et al. | January 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Thresholds for Bats Killed by Wind Turbines | Arnett, E., Barclay, R., Hein, C. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Demography of Female Greater Prairie-Chickens in Unfragmented Grasslands in Kansas | Augustine, J., Sandercock, B. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | July 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| A Large-Scale Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., et al. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A New Stochastic Dynamic Tool to Improve the Accuracy of Mortality Estimates for Bats Killed at Wind Farms | Bastos, R., Santos, M., Cabral, J. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Estimating the Indirect Impact of Wind Farms on Breeding Bird Assemblages: A Case Study in the Central Apennines | Battisti, C., et al. | August 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Predicting and Mapping Potential Whooping Crane Stopover Habitat to Guide Site Selection for Wind Energy Projects | Belaire, J., et al. | December 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Wind Turbine Fatalities Approach a Level of Concern in a Raptor Population | Bellebaum, J., et al. | December 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Effect of Wind Turbine Proximity on Nesting Success in Shrub-nesting Birds | Bennett, V., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Survey of Bat Mortalities at a Wind-Energy Facility in North Dakota | Bicknell, L., Gilliam, E. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Chronic Anthropogenic Noise on Abundance of Greater Sage-Grouse at Leks | Blickley, J., Blackwood, D., Patricelli, G. | May 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Birds |
| Experimental Chronic Noise Is Related to Elevated Fecal Corticosteroid Metabolites in Lekking Male Greater Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) | Blickley, J., et al. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Birds |
| Optimizing Wind Power Generation while Minimizing Wildlife Impacts in an Urban Area | Bohrer, G., et al. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Spatial Overlap of Wind Farms on Peatland with Sensitive Areas for Birds | Bright, J., et al. | September 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| The prosecutor's vulture: inconsistent MBTA prosecution, its clash with wind farms, and how to fix it | Brunner, S. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Post-Construction Avian Mortality Monitoring at Project West Wind | Bull, L., Fuller, S., Sim, D. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Mortality at wind-farms is positively related to large-scale distribution and aggregation in griffon vultures | Carrete, M., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Wind Farm Location and Environmental Impact | Clarke, A. | January 1989 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise, Static Device | Birds |
| Common Raven Occurrence in Relation to Energy Transmission Line Corridors Transiting Human-Altered Sagebrush Steppe | Coates, P., et al. | December 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Evidence of Late-Summer Mating Readiness and Early Sexual Maturation in Migratory Tree-Roosting Bats Found Dead at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant, Central Norway, Lack Behavioral Flight Responses to Wind Turbines | Dahl, E., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures | de Lucas, M., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Minimal Effects of Wind Turbines on the Distribution of Wintering Farmland Birds | Devereux, C., Denny, M., Whittingham, M. | October 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines |
| Assessment of bat and avian mortality at a pilot wind turbine at Coega, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa | Doty, A., Martin, A. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Upland Land use Predicts Population Decline in a Globally Near-Threatened Wader | Douglas, D., et al. | February 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Modelled Sensitivity of Avian Collision Rate at Wind Turbines Varies with Number of Hours of Flight Activity Input Data | Douglas, D., et al. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Model-Based Estimation of Collision Risks of Predatory Birds with Wind Turbines | Eichhorn, M., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Female Agassizs Desert Tortoise Activity at a Wind Energy Facility in Southern California: The Influence of an El Nino Event | Ennen, J., Meyer, K., Lovich, J. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | N/A |
| A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities | Erickson, W., et al. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Wind and Wildlife in the Northern Great Plains: Identifying Low-Impact Areas for Wind Development | Fargione, J., et al. | July 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Bats, Birds |
| Habitat Use, Disturbance and Collision Risks for Bewick's Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii Wintering Near a Wind Farm in the Netherlands | Fijn, R., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Is Male-Biased Collision Mortality of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) in Florida Associated with Flock Behavior | Folk, M., Dellinger, T., Leone, E. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Assessing the Impact of Wind Farms on the Plant Diversity of Blanket Bogs in the Xistral Mountains (NW Spain) | Fraga, M., et al. | April 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Ecosystem |
| Evidence of Latitudinal Migration in Tri-colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus | Fraser, E., et al. | February 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Bats |
| Integrating Effects of Supplementary Feeding, Poisoning, Pollutant Ingestion and Wind Farms of Two Vulture Species in Spain using a Population Viability Analysis | Garcia-Ripolles, C., Lopez, P. | March 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Chemicals | Birds, Raptors |
| Cantabrian Capercaillie signs disappeared after a wind farm construction | Gonzalez, M., Ena, V. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds |
| The Effects of a Large-Scale Wind Farm on Breeding Season Survival of Female Mallards and Blue-Winged Teal in the Prairie Pothole Region | Gue, C., et al. | August 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Red Aviation Lights on Wind Turbines do not Increase Bat-Turbine Collisions | Hale, A., Bennett, V. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Lighting | Bats |
| Wind Turbines do Not Negatively Affect Nest Success in the Dickcissel (Spiza americana) | Hatchett, W., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities | Hayes, M. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| The Potential Distribution of the Red Kite in Germany | Heuck, C., et al. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Assessing Avian-Wind Turbine Collision Risk: An Approach Angle Dependent Model | Holmstrom, L., et al. | June 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Have we all gone batty? The need for a better balance between the conservation of protected species and the development of clean renewable energy | Householder, L. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Socio-economics, Climate Change |
| Evidence of Negative Effects of Anthropogenic Structures on Wildlife: A Review of Grouse Survival and Behaviour | Hovick, T., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Accounting for Unsearched Areas in Estimating Wind Turbine-Caused Fatality | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. | February 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates | Huso, M., Erickson, W. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Seasonal and Geographic Trends in Acoustic Detection of Tree-Roosting Bats | Johnson, J., et al. | June 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Bats |
| The Remote Environmental Assessment Laboratory's Acoustic Library: An Archive for Studying Soundscape Ecology | Kasten, E., et al. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | Birds |
| A Methodology for Assessment of Wind Turbine Noise Generation | Kelley, N., Hemphill, R., McKenna, H. | May 1982 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Noise | N/A |
| Raptor Baseline Studies in Energy Development | Kennedy, P. | June 1980 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Birds, Raptors |
| Avian Collision Mortality at 50- and 60- m Guyed Towers in Central California | Kerlinger, P., et al. | February 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Passerines |
| Investigation on Design for a 500 W Wind Turbine Composite Blade Considering Impact Damage | Kong, C., Choi, S., Park, H. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Estimating Bat and Bird Mortality Occurring at Wind Energy Turbines from Covariates and Carcass Searches Using Mixture Models | Korner-Nievergelt, F., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A new method to determine bird and bat fatality at wind energy turbines from carcass searches | Korner-Nievergelt, F., et al. | December 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Birds |
| Advances in Sex Determination in Bats and its Utility in Wind-Wildlife Studies | Korstian, J., et al. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Bats |
| Raptors in Bosnia and Herzegovina - their status and perspectives for monitoring development | Kotrosan, D., Hatibovic, E. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Birds, Raptors |
| Wind Farm Facilities in Germany Kill Noctule Bats from Near and Far | Lehnert, L., et al. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbines and Bat Mortality: Rotor Detectability Profiles | Long, C., et al. | October 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Golden Eagles in a Multiple Land-Use Environment: A Case Study in Conflict Management | Madders, M., Walker, D. | January 2002 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Animal Behavioral Adaptation to Changing Landscapes: Spring-Staging Geese Habituate to Wind Farms | Madsen, J., Boertmann, D. | November 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Waterfowl |
| How do diurnal long-distance migrants select flight altitude in relation to wind? | Mateos-Rodriguez, M., Liechti, F. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Shorebirds |
| Effectiveness of Search Dogs Compared with Human Observers in Locating Bat Carcasses at Wind-Turbine Sites: A Blinded Randomized Trial | Mathews, F., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Effects of Wind Energy Development on Nesting Ecology of Greater Prairie-Chickens in Fragmented Grasslands | McNew, L., et al. | March 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Putting Aeolus to work without the death toll: federal wind farm siting guidelines can mitigate avian and Chiropteran mortality | Mensing, B. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| Experimental Evidence for the Effect of Small Wind Turbine Proximity and Operation on Bird and Bat Activity | Miderman, J., et al. | July 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds |
| Understanding Landscape Patterns of Temporal Variability in Avian Populations to Improve Environmental Impact Assessments | Milne, R., Bennett, L. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| From Ground to Above Canopy - Bat Activity in Mature Forests is Driven by Vegetation Density and Height | Muller, J., et al. | October 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| An Update on the Status of Red Bats, Lasiurus blossevillii and Lasiurus borealis, in British Columbia | Nagorsen, D., Paterson, B. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Bats |
| Development by Design: Mitigating Wind Development's Impacts on Wildlife in Kansas | Obermeyer, B., et al. | October 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Socio-economics |
| Some Clouds Have a Silver Lining: Paradoxes of Anthropogenic Perturbations from Study Cases on Long-Lived Social Birds | Oro, D., Jimenez, J., Curco, A. | August 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Bird Mortality Associated with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota | Osborn, R., et al. | January 2000 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Integrating applied ecology and planning policy: the case of micro-turbines and wildlife conservation | Park, K., Turner, A., Minderman, J. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Bats, Birds |
| Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis | Pearce-Higgins, J., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Estimation of Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind-Power Farms with Superpopulation Models | Peron, G., et al. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Modeling the Distribution of Migratory Bird Stopovers to Inform Landscape-Scale Siting of Wind Development | Pocewicz, A., et al. | October 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Birds |
| Calculation of Wind Farm Production Losses via MERRA Data in Consequence of Bat Based Temporary Wind Turbine Shut Downs | Raabe, J., Schorer, T., Junge, J. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury? | Rollins, K., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Farm Potential is Higher in Prime Habitat for Uncommon Soil Crust Lichens | Root, H., McCune, M., McCune, B. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Benthic Invertebrates |
| A Modelling Approach to Infer the Effects of Wind Farms on Landscape Connectivity for Bats | Roscioni, F., et al. | April 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Static Device | Bats |
| Regional-Scale Modelling of the Cumulative Impact of Wind Farms on Bats | Roscioni, F., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Wind Farms Threaten Southern Africa's Cliff-Nesting Vultures | Rushworth, I., Kruger, S. | May 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Stressor Analysis Approaches for Endangered Species Assessments | Salatas, J., et al. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | N/A |
| Determination of Raptor Migratory Patterns Over a Large Landscape | Seeland, H., et al. | June 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Birds |
| Characteristics of Soaring Birds' Spring Migration over Inland SE Bulgaria | Shurulinkov, P., et al. | May 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | N/A | Birds, Raptors, Shorebirds |
| Estimating Wind Turbine Caused Bird Mortality | Smallwood, K. | November 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
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