Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
As an alternative to the Knowledge Base, check out the Map Viewer to access geotagged content in a spatial view.
| Title | Author* | Date** |
Type of Content |
Technology Types | Stressors | Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America | Arnett, E., et al. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Thresholds for Bats Killed by Wind Turbines | Arnett, E., Barclay, R., Hein, C. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Patterns of activity and fatality of migratory bats at a wind energy facility in Alberta, Canada | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | July 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| A Large-Scale Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., et al. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A New Stochastic Dynamic Tool to Improve the Accuracy of Mortality Estimates for Bats Killed at Wind Farms | Bastos, R., Santos, M., Cabral, J. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbine Fatalities Approach a Level of Concern in a Raptor Population | Bellebaum, J., et al. | December 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Survey of Bat Mortalities at a Wind-Energy Facility in North Dakota | Bicknell, L., Gilliam, E. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Optimizing Wind Power Generation while Minimizing Wildlife Impacts in an Urban Area | Bohrer, G., et al. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| The prosecutor's vulture: inconsistent MBTA prosecution, its clash with wind farms, and how to fix it | Brunner, S. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Post-Construction Avian Mortality Monitoring at Project West Wind | Bull, L., Fuller, S., Sim, D. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Mortality at wind-farms is positively related to large-scale distribution and aggregation in griffon vultures | Carrete, M., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Evidence of Late-Summer Mating Readiness and Early Sexual Maturation in Migratory Tree-Roosting Bats Found Dead at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| White-Tailed Eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) at the Smøla Wind-Power Plant, Central Norway, Lack Behavioral Flight Responses to Wind Turbines | Dahl, E., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures | de Lucas, M., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Assessment of bat and avian mortality at a pilot wind turbine at Coega, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa | Doty, A., Martin, A. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Modelled Sensitivity of Avian Collision Rate at Wind Turbines Varies with Number of Hours of Flight Activity Input Data | Douglas, D., et al. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Model-Based Estimation of Collision Risks of Predatory Birds with Wind Turbines | Eichhorn, M., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| A Comprehensive Analysis of Small-Passerine Fatalities from Collision with Turbines at Wind Energy Facilities | Erickson, W., et al. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Habitat Use, Disturbance and Collision Risks for Bewick's Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii Wintering Near a Wind Farm in the Netherlands | Fijn, R., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Is Male-Biased Collision Mortality of Whooping Cranes (Grus americana) in Florida Associated with Flock Behavior | Folk, M., Dellinger, T., Leone, E. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Red Aviation Lights on Wind Turbines do not Increase Bat-Turbine Collisions | Hale, A., Bennett, V. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Lighting | Bats |
| Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities | Hayes, M. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Assessing Avian-Wind Turbine Collision Risk: An Approach Angle Dependent Model | Holmstrom, L., et al. | June 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Have we all gone batty? The need for a better balance between the conservation of protected species and the development of clean renewable energy | Householder, L. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Socio-economics, Climate Change |
| Accounting for Unsearched Areas in Estimating Wind Turbine-Caused Fatality | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. | February 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A Comment on Novel Scavenger Removal Trials Increase Wind Turbine-Caused Avian Fatality Estimates | Huso, M., Erickson, W. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Investigation on Design for a 500 W Wind Turbine Composite Blade Considering Impact Damage | Kong, C., Choi, S., Park, H. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Estimating Bat and Bird Mortality Occurring at Wind Energy Turbines from Covariates and Carcass Searches Using Mixture Models | Korner-Nievergelt, F., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A new method to determine bird and bat fatality at wind energy turbines from carcass searches | Korner-Nievergelt, F., et al. | December 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Birds |
| Wind Farm Facilities in Germany Kill Noctule Bats from Near and Far | Lehnert, L., et al. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbines and Bat Mortality: Rotor Detectability Profiles | Long, C., et al. | October 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Effectiveness of Search Dogs Compared with Human Observers in Locating Bat Carcasses at Wind-Turbine Sites: A Blinded Randomized Trial | Mathews, F., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Putting Aeolus to work without the death toll: federal wind farm siting guidelines can mitigate avian and Chiropteran mortality | Mensing, B. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| Some Clouds Have a Silver Lining: Paradoxes of Anthropogenic Perturbations from Study Cases on Long-Lived Social Birds | Oro, D., Jimenez, J., Curco, A. | August 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Bird Mortality Associated with Wind Turbines at the Buffalo Ridge Wind Resource Area, Minnesota | Osborn, R., et al. | January 2000 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis | Pearce-Higgins, J., et al. | March 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Estimation of Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind-Power Farms with Superpopulation Models | Peron, G., et al. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Calculation of Wind Farm Production Losses via MERRA Data in Consequence of Bat Based Temporary Wind Turbine Shut Downs | Raabe, J., Schorer, T., Junge, J. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury? | Rollins, K., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Regional-Scale Modelling of the Cumulative Impact of Wind Farms on Bats | Roscioni, F., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Wind Farms Threaten Southern Africa's Cliff-Nesting Vultures | Rushworth, I., Kruger, S. | May 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Estimating Wind Turbine Caused Bird Mortality | Smallwood, K. | November 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Comparing Bird and Bat Fatality-Rate Estimates Among North American Wind-Energy Projects | Smallwood, K. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California | Smallwood, K., Karas, B. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| Bird Mortality in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area, California | Smallwood, K., Thelander, C. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Sex-Based Mortality of Common Tern in Farm Collisions | Stienen, E., et al. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Seabirds |
| Using a Collision Model to Design Safer Wind Turbine Rotors for Birds | Tucker, V. | November 1996 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Scavenger removal: Bird and bat carcass persistence in a tropical wind farm | Villegas-Patraca, R., et al. | August 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| The Catchment Area of Wind Farms for European Bats: A Plea for International Regulations | Voigt, C., et al. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Using echolocation monitoring to model bat occupancy and inform mitigations at wind energy facilities | Weller, T., Baldwin, J. | November 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats |
| Vogels en windturbines (Birds and windturbines) | Winkelman, J. | January 1987 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Estimates of Bird Collision Mortality at Wind Facilities in the Contiguous United States of America | Loss, S., Will, T., Marra, P. | December 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context | Peste, F., et al. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wildlife and Renewable Energy: German Politics Cross Migratory Bats | Voigt, C., et al. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Search Areas for Monitoring Bird and Bat Carcasses at Wind Farms using a Monte-Carlo Model | Hull, C., Muir, S. | June 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A Collision Risk Model to Predict Avian Fatalities at Wind Facilities: An Example Using Golden Eagles, Aquila chrysaetos | New, L., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Investigating the Causes of Death for Wind Turbine-Associated Bat Fatalities | Grodsky, S., et al. | October 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Mortality of Bats at a Large-Scale Wind Power Development at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | January 2003 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Spatial Pattern of Summer Bat Mortality from Collisions with Wind Turbines in Mixed-Grass Prairie | Piorkowski, M., O'Connell, T. | April 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines in Northwestern Europe | Rydell, J., et al. | July 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bird Movements and Collision Mortality at a Large Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine | Byrne, S. | January 1983 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl |
| Camera-Trapping as a Methodology to Assess the Persistence of Wildlife Carcasses Resulting from Collisions with Human-Made Structures | Paula, J., et al. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | N/A |
| Collision Mortality of Local and Migrant Birds at a Large-Scale Wind-Power Development on Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | August 2002 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Waterfowl |
| A Comment on "Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities" | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. | June 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Do Habitat Characteristics Determine Mortality Risk for Bats at Wind Farms? Modelling Susceptible Species Activity Patterns and Anticipating Possible Mortality Events | Ferreira, D., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Estimates and Correlates of Bird and Bat Mortality at Small Wind Turbine Sites | Minderman, J., et al. | March 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Estimating Wind-Turbine Caused Bird and Bat Fatality when Zero Carcasses are Observed | Huso, M., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| First Report on Bat Mortalities on Wind Farms in Chile | Escobar, L., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Game Birds do not Surrogate for Raptors in Trials to Calibrate Observed Raptor Collision Fatalities | Urquhart, B., Hulka, S., Duffy, K. | June 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Impacts of Wind Energy on Environment: A Review | Wang, S., Wang, S. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Insufficient Sampling to Identify Species Affected by Turbine Collisions | Beston, J., Diffendorfer, J., Loss, S. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| A Preliminary Evaluation on the Use of Dogs to Recover Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Arnett, E. | December 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Multiple Mortality Events in Bats: A Global Review | O'Shea, T., et al. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Predictable shorebird departure patterns from a staging site can inform collision risks and mitigation of wind energy developments | Howell, J., et al. | August 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Shorebirds |
| Golden Eagle Fatalities and the Continental-Scale Consequences of Local Wind-Energy Generation | Katzner, T., et al. | April 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Enhancing Carcass Removal Trials at Three Wind Energy Facilities in Portugal | Bernardino, J., et al. | December 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A Spatial Explicit Agent Based Model Approach to Evaluate the Performance of Different Monitoring Options for Mortality Estimates in the Scope of Onshore Windfarm Impact Assessments | Santos, M., et al. | February 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Scale-dependent habitat selection by wintering geese: implications for landscape management | Harrison, A., et al. | January 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Waterfowl |
| Raptor Interactions with Wind Energy: Case Studies from Around the World | Watson, R., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Mitigating the negative impacts of tall wind turbines on bats: Vertical activity profiles and relationships to wind speed | Wellig, S., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bird Impact Analysis of a Composite Wind Turbine Blade | Tejas, K., Prashanth, A. | August 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Impacts of onshore wind energy production on birds and bats: recommendations for future life cycle impact assessment developments | Laranjeiro, T., May, R., Verones, F. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| The impact of a central Apennine wind-farm | Forconi, P., Fusari, M., Appiotti, A. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Using network analysis to identify indicator species and reduce collision fatalities at wind farms | Sebastian-Gonzalez, E., et al. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? | Cohn, J. | July 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| Regional Analysis of Wind Turbine-Caused Bat Mortality | Drake, D., et al. | June 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bat Mortality Due to Wind Turbines in Canada | Zimmerling, J., Francis, C. | November 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Prioritizing Avian Species for Their Risk of Population Level Consequences from Wind Energy Development | Beston, J., et al. | March 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Birds |
| Avian Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America: A Comparison of Recent Approaches | Johnson, D., et al. | April 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds |
| Wind Energy Development: Methods for Assessing Risks to Birds and Bats Pre-Construction | Katzner, T., et al. | April 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device, Static Device | Bats, Birds |
| Predicting Eagle Fatalities at Wind Facilities | Bay, K., et al. | August 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Experimental study of the impact of large-scale wind farms on land–atmosphere exchanges | Zhang, W., Markfort, C., Porte-Agel, F. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Farfield Environment |
| Impact of wind facilities on bats in the Neotropics | Rodríguez-Durán, A., Feliciano-Robles, W. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters | Rodríguez, A., et al. | March 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind, Offshore Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Seabirds |
| Bats in a tropical wind farm: species composition and importance of the spatial attributes of vegetation cover on bat fatalities | Bolivar-Cime, B., et al. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Developing an efficient protocol for monitoring eagle fatalities at wind energy facilities | Hallingstad, E., et al. | December 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Birds, Raptors |
| Inconspicuous echolocation in hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) | Corcoran, A., Weller, T. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Assessing spring direct mortality to avifauna from wind energy facilities in the Dakotas | Graff, B., et al. | March 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Bat fatalities at wind farms in Taiwan | Chou, C., et al. | June 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
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