Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base provides access to information about the environmental effects of marine and wind energy, supporting OES-Environmental and WREN initiatives. Relevant documents and OES-Environmental metadata forms are compiled into a user-friendly table with advanced filtering. Filters may be selected on the right, or keywords entered in the Search Text box. Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers.
As an alternative to the Knowledge Base, check out the Map Viewer to access geotagged content in a spatial view.
| Title | Author* | Date** | Type of Content | Technology Types |
Stressors |
Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Echolocation activity of migratory bats at a wind energy facility: testing the feeding-attraction hypothesis to explain fatalities | Reimer, J., Baerwald, E., Barlay, R. | December 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction | Bats |
| Resource Availability May Not Be a Useful Predictor of Migratory Bat Fatalities or Activity at Wind Turbines | Bennett, V., Hale, A. | June 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction | Bats |
| Insect Attraction to Wind Turbines: Does Colour Play a Role? | Long, C., Flint, J., Lepper, P. | April 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction | Bats, Birds, Invertebrates |
| Behavior of Bats at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Acoustic mirrors as sensory traps for bats | Greif, S., Zsebok, S. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Activity, Composition, and Collision Mortality At a Large Wind Plant in Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | December 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortalities at a Wind Energy Facility in North Dakota | Bicknell, L., Gilliam, E. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortality and Activity at a Northern Iowa Wind Resource Area | Jain, A., et al. | January 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Behavioral Responses of Bats to Operating Wind Turbines | Horn, J., Arnett, E., Kunz, T. | March 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Causes of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines: Hypotheses and Predictions | Cryan, P., Barclay, R. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Ultrasonic Acoustic Deterrent for Reducing Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines | Arnett, E., et al. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? | Cohn, J. | July 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| Influence of landscape and time of year on bat-wind turbines collision risks | Roemer, C., et al. | October 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision | Bats |
| Bird and Bat Species' Global Vulnerability to Collision Mortality at Wind Farms Revealed Through a Trait-Based Assessment | Thaxter, C., et al. | September 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Ecological Impacts of Wind Energy Development on Bats: Questions, Research Needs, and Hypotheses | Kunz, T., et al. | August 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| How to Mitigate Impacts of Wind Farms on Bats? A Review of Potential Conservation Measures in the European Context | Peste, F., et al. | February 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats |
| Estimating habitat loss due to wind turbine avoidance by bats: Implications for European siting guidance | Barre, K., et al. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Impacts of onshore wind energy production on birds and bats: recommendations for future life cycle impact assessment developments | Laranjeiro, T., May, R., Verones, F. | February 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| Mating Behavior as a Possible Cause of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P. | April 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| When the Excrement Hits the Fan: Fecal Surveys Reveal Species-Specific Bat Activity at Wind Turbines | Bennett, V., Hale, A., Williams, D. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Activity of Tree Bats at Anthropogenic Tall Structures: Implications for Mortality of Bats at Wind Turbines | Jameson, J., Willis, C. | November 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Wind turbines as landscape impediments to the migratory connectivity of bats | Cryan, P. | May 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Deaths and Wind Turbines - A Review of Current Knowledge, and of the Information Available in the Database for Germany | Durr, T., Bach, L. | January 2004 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Fatalities at Wind Farms in North-Eastern Greece | Georgiakakis, P., et al. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat Fatality at a Wind Energy Facility in the Western Cape, South Africa | Aronson, J., Thomas, A., Jordaan, S. | April 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Bat flight height monitored from wind masts predicts mortality risk at wind farms | Roemer, C., et al. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Impact of Wind Energy on Bats: A Summary of Our Current Knowledge | Hein, C., Schirmacher, M. | April 2016 | Journal Article | N/A | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Impact of wind facilities on bats in the Neotropics | Rodríguez-Durán, A., Feliciano-Robles, W. | December 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats |
| Impacts of Wind Energy on Environment: A Review | Wang, S., Wang, S. | September 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats, Birds |
| Bats are not birds and other problems with Sovacool's (2009) analysis of animal fatalities due to electricity generation | Willis, C., et al. | April 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Bat fatalities at two wind farms in Tasmania, Australia: bat characteristics, and spatial and temporal patterns | Hull, C., Cawthen, L. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Attraction, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Research Priorities for Wind Energy and Migratory Wildlife | Piorkowski, M., et al. | April 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Contextualizing Avian Mortality: A Preliminary Appraisal of Bird and Bat Fatalities from Wind, Fossil-Fuel, and Nuclear Electricity | Sovacool, B. | June 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Bats Avoid Radar Installations: Could Electromagnetic Fields Deter Bats from Colliding with Wind Turbines? | Racey, P., Nicholls, B. | March 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Avoidance, Collision, EMF | Bats |
| Wind turbines impact bat activity, leading to high losses of habitat use in a biodiversity hotspot | Millon, L., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Avoidance, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Origins and Migratory Patterns of Bats Killed by Wind Turbines in Southern Alberta: Evidence from Stable Isotopes | Baerwald, E., Patterson, W., Barclay, R. | September 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Noctule Bats and Wind Turbines | Burrows, L. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Factors Influencing Bat Activity and Mortality at a Wind Farm in the Mediterranean Region | Amorim, F., Rebelo, H., Rodrigues, L. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortality at a Wind Power Facility in Central Canada | Jameson, J., Willis, C. | November 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Mortality at a Wind-Energy Facility in Southeastern Wisconsin | Grodsky, S., et al. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Fixing wind power's bat problem | Kumagai, J. | July 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Bat Fatalities at Wind Farms in Northern Spain - Lessons to be Learned | Camina, A. | June 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Mortality of Bats at Wind Turbines Links to Nocturnal Insect Migration? | Rydell, J., et al. | December 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Temporal Patterns in Capture Rate and Sex Ratio of Forest Bats in Arkansas | Perry, R., Carter, S., Thill, R. | October 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Assessing Impacts of Wind-Energy Development on Nocturnally Active Birds and Bats: A Guidance Document | Kunz, T., et al. | November 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General) | Collision | Bats, Birds |
| Prairie Winds: Migrating Bats & Wind Energy in Canada | Baerwald, E. | September 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Evaluation of an Acoustic Deterrent to Reduce Bat Mortalities at an Illinois Wind Farm | Romano, W., et al. | November 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| Red bat fatality: Geographic extents through deuterium and niche models | Murtaugh, R., et al. | July 2019 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision | Bats |
| The avian and wildlife costs of fossil fuels and nuclear power | Sovacool, B. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds |
| Using Species Distribution Modelling to Predict Bat Fatality Risk at Wind Farms | Santos, H., et al. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats |
| Wind Power Company Compliance with Mitigation Plans in the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area | Smallwood, K. | April 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds |
| Large-scale citizen science improves assessment of risk posed by wind farms to bats in southern Scotland | Newson, S., et al. | November 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy (General), Land-Based Wind | Displacement | Bats |
| Migration of Bats Past a Remote Island Offers Clues toward the Problem of Bat Fatalities at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., Brown, A. | September 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Patterns of Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities in North America | Arnett, E., et al. | January 2008 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Variation in Bat and Bird Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities: Assessing the Effects of Rotor Size and Tower Height | Barclay, R., Baerwald, E., Gruver, J. | March 2007 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Thresholds for Bats Killed by Wind Turbines | Arnett, E., Barclay, R., Hein, C. | May 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Geographic Variation in Activity and Fatality of Migratory Bats at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., Barclay, R. | December 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Large-Scale Mitigation Experiment to Reduce Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Baerwald, E., et al. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A New Stochastic Dynamic Tool to Improve the Accuracy of Mortality Estimates for Bats Killed at Wind Farms | Bastos, R., Santos, M., Cabral, J. | November 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Survey of Bat Mortalities at a Wind-Energy Facility in North Dakota | Bicknell, L., Gilliam, E. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Evidence of Late-Summer Mating Readiness and Early Sexual Maturation in Migratory Tree-Roosting Bats Found Dead at Wind Turbines | Cryan, P., et al. | October 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Assessment of bat and avian mortality at a pilot wind turbine at Coega, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa | Doty, A., Martin, A. | December 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities | Hayes, M. | January 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Accounting for Unsearched Areas in Estimating Wind Turbine-Caused Fatality | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. | February 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Estimating Bat and Bird Mortality Occurring at Wind Energy Turbines from Covariates and Carcass Searches Using Mixture Models | Korner-Nievergelt, F., et al. | July 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Wind Farm Facilities in Germany Kill Noctule Bats from Near and Far | Lehnert, L., et al. | August 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbines and Bat Mortality: Rotor Detectability Profiles | Long, C., et al. | October 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Effectiveness of Search Dogs Compared with Human Observers in Locating Bat Carcasses at Wind-Turbine Sites: A Blinded Randomized Trial | Mathews, F., et al. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Estimation of Bird and Bat Mortality at Wind-Power Farms with Superpopulation Models | Peron, G., et al. | June 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Calculation of Wind Farm Production Losses via MERRA Data in Consequence of Bat Based Temporary Wind Turbine Shut Downs | Raabe, J., Schorer, T., Junge, J. | February 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Forensic Investigation Into the Etiology of Bat Mortality at a Wind Farm: Barotrauma or Traumatic Injury? | Rollins, K., et al. | January 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Comparing Bird and Bat Fatality-Rate Estimates Among North American Wind-Energy Projects | Smallwood, K. | March 2013 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Avian and Bat Fatality Rates at Old-Generation and Repowered Wind Turbines in California | Smallwood, K., Karas, B. | September 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds, Raptors |
| Scavenger removal: Bird and bat carcass persistence in a tropical wind farm | Villegas-Patraca, R., et al. | August 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| The Catchment Area of Wind Farms for European Bats: A Plea for International Regulations | Voigt, C., et al. | September 2012 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wildlife and Renewable Energy: German Politics Cross Migratory Bats | Voigt, C., et al. | April 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Search Areas for Monitoring Bird and Bat Carcasses at Wind Farms using a Monte-Carlo Model | Hull, C., Muir, S. | June 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Investigating the Causes of Death for Wind Turbine-Associated Bat Fatalities | Grodsky, S., et al. | October 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Mortality of Bats at a Large-Scale Wind Power Development at Buffalo Ridge, Minnesota | Johnson, G., et al. | January 2003 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbines and Bat Mortality: Interactions of Bat Echolocation Pulses with Moving Turbine Rotor Blades | Long, C., et al. | January 2009 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Spatial Pattern of Summer Bat Mortality from Collisions with Wind Turbines in Mixed-Grass Prairie | Piorkowski, M., O'Connell, T. | April 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Bat Mortality at Wind Turbines in Northwestern Europe | Rydell, J., et al. | July 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Comment on "Bats Killed in Large Numbers at United States Wind Energy Facilities" | Huso, M., Dalthorp, D. | June 2014 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Do Habitat Characteristics Determine Mortality Risk for Bats at Wind Farms? Modelling Susceptible Species Activity Patterns and Anticipating Possible Mortality Events | Ferreira, D., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Estimates and Correlates of Bird and Bat Mortality at Small Wind Turbine Sites | Minderman, J., et al. | March 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Estimating Wind-Turbine Caused Bird and Bat Fatality when Zero Carcasses are Observed | Huso, M., et al. | July 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| First Report on Bat Mortalities on Wind Farms in Chile | Escobar, L., et al. | January 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| A Preliminary Evaluation on the Use of Dogs to Recover Bat Fatalities at Wind Energy Facilities | Arnett, E. | December 2006 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Multiple Mortality Events in Bats: A Global Review | O'Shea, T., et al. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Altering Turbine Speed Reduces Bat Mortality at Wind-Energy Facilities | Arnett, E., et al. | November 2010 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Fatalities at Wind Turbines may Threaten Population Viability of a Migratory Bat | Frick, W., et al. | May 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Enhancing Carcass Removal Trials at Three Wind Energy Facilities in Portugal | Bernardino, J., et al. | December 2011 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| A Spatial Explicit Agent Based Model Approach to Evaluate the Performance of Different Monitoring Options for Mortality Estimates in the Scope of Onshore Windfarm Impact Assessments | Santos, M., et al. | February 2017 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Mitigating the negative impacts of tall wind turbines on bats: Vertical activity profiles and relationships to wind speed | Wellig, S., et al. | March 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Wind Turbine Sensor Array for Monitoring Avian and Bat Collisions | Hu, C., Albertani, R., Suryan, R. | April 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Using network analysis to identify indicator species and reduce collision fatalities at wind farms | Sebastian-Gonzalez, E., et al. | August 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats, Birds |
| Regional Analysis of Wind Turbine-Caused Bat Mortality | Drake, D., et al. | June 2015 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bat Mortality Due to Wind Turbines in Canada | Zimmerling, J., Francis, C. | November 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Bats in a tropical wind farm: species composition and importance of the spatial attributes of vegetation cover on bat fatalities | Bolivar-Cime, B., et al. | July 2016 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
| Inconspicuous echolocation in hoary bats (Lasiurus cinereus) | Corcoran, A., Weller, T. | May 2018 | Journal Article | Wind Energy general, Land-Based Wind | Dynamic Device | Bats |
Pages
