The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.
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Title | Author | Date | Content Type | Technology Sort descending | Stressor | Receptor |
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Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic | Rahman, A.; Farrok, O.; Haque, M. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Wind Energy | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions | |
National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on the South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
Power from the Brave New Ocean: Marine Renewable Energy and Ecological Risks | Hammar, L. | Thesis | Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Fish, Demersal Fish | |
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea | Zburlea, L.; Rusu, E. | Journal Article | Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment | |
European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future | Soukissian, T.; O’Hagan, A-M.; Azzellino, A.; et al. | Report | Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data | |
SEER Factsheet | SEER | Summary | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind | Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Reviewing the ecological impacts of offshore wind farms | Galparsoro, I.; Menchaca, I.; Garmendia, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates | |
Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment for a Deep Water Floating Offshore Wind Turbine on the Brazilian Continental Shelf | de Paula, L.; Carmo, B. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment | |
Wind energy and its link to sustainability in developing countries | Kabir, M.; Sree, N.; Khatod, K.; et al. | Book Chapter | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Visual Impacts | |
Evidence of Nocturnal Migration over Sea and Sex-Specific Migration Distance of Dutch Black-Headed Gulls | Fijn, R.; Govers, L.; Lutterop, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Seabirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations (2021 Revision) | Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
The State of the Science on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy Development: Workshop Proceedings | Gulka, J.; Williams, K. | Workshop Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
State of the Science Workshop on Offshore Wind and Wildlife 2020: Cumulative Impacts | New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) | Presentation | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles | |
Draft Preliminary Environmental Assessment: Vandenberg Offshore Wind Energy Projects | California State Lands Commission | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Empirical Evidence Inspiring Priority Monitoring, Research and Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Physical Environment | |
Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report | ORE Catapult; Xodus Group | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation | |
BirdLife Position on Renewable Energy at Sea and nature conservation | BirdLife International | Guidance | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Wind energy in the city: Hong Kong’s offshore wind energy generation potential, deployment plans, and ecological pitfalls | Delina, L. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Human Dimensions, Climate Change | |
Forecasting the consequences of climate-driven shifts in human behavior on cetaceans | Alter, S.; Simmonds, M.; Brandon, J. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change | Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Fisheries | |
Environmental risk evaluation system—an approach to ranking risk of ocean energy development on coastal and estuarine environments | Copping, A.; Hanna, L.; Van Cleve, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles | |
Assessing potential conflicts between offshore wind farms and migration patterns of a threatened shorebird species | Schwemmer, P.; Pederson, R.; Haecker, K.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Identifying migrant waterfowl and waterbird stopovers to inform wind energy development siting within Saginaw Bay | Monfils, M.; Gehring, J. | Report | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Waterfowl, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Environmental Sensitivity and Associated Risk to Habitats and Species Offshore Central California and Hawaii from Offshore Floating Wind Technologies | Morandi, A.; Berkman, S.; Rowe, J.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Behavioral responses to offshore windfarms during migration of a declining shorebird species revealed by GPS-telemetry | Schwemmer, P.; Mercker, M.; Haecker, K.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Integrating Wind Turbines and Fish Farms: An Evaluation of Potential Risks to Marine and Coastal Bird Species | Benjamins, S.; Masden, E.; Collu, M. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision | Birds, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
South Fork Wind: Conditions of Construction and Operations Plan Approval | Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Collision | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Offshore wind farms and their effects on birds | Fox, A.; Petersen, I-K. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement | Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Guidelines For Environmental Impact Studies On Marine Biodiversity For Offshore Windfarm Projects In The Baltic Sea Region | Baltic Environmental Forum – Latvia | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise | Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Towards understanding environmental and cumulative impacts of floating wind farms: Lessons learned from the fixed-bottom offshore wind farms | Rezaei, F.; Contestabile, P; Vicinanza, D.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates | |
Interdisciplinary analysis of wind energy - a focus on France | Kinani, K.; Meunier, S.; Vido, L.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Getting ready for offshore wind farm expansion in the North Sea | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Ocean Wind 1 Construction and Operations Plan | Ocean Wind 1 | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions | |
DRAFT Ocean Wind 1 Offshore Wind Farm Biological Assessment | BOEM Office of Renewable Energy Programs | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change | Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles | |
Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind Construction and Operations Plan for Commercial Lease OCS | Atlantic Shores Offshore Wind, LLC | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement | Bats, Birds, Fish, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts | |
Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms in the Belgian Part of the North Sea: Progressive Insights in Changing Species Distribution Patterns Informing Marine Management | Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Rumes, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change | Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans | |
Fine-scale collision risk mapping and validation with long-term mortality data reveal current and future wind energy development impact on sensitive species | Morant, J.; Arrondo, E.; Zapata, J.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy | Collision | Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations | Danovaro, R.; Bianchelli, S.; Brambilla, P.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment | Dong Energy | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Environmental Risk Evaluation System - An Approach to Ranking Risk of Ocean Energy Development on Coastal and Estuarine Environments | Copping, A.; Hanna, L.; Van Cleve, B.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Wave, Tidal, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy | Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Chemicals, Changes in Flow, Avoidance, Attraction | Marine Mammals, Fish, Birds | |
Environmental impacts of offshore wind installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning activities: A case study of Brazil | Hernández Carrascal, O.; Shadman, M.; Amiri, M.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries | |
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector | WWF France | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms | Defingou, M.; Bils, F.; Horchler, B.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise | Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values | Copping, A.; Gorton, A.; May, R.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement | |
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects | HT Harvey and Associates | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind | Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Birds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Terrestrial Mammals | |
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 3. Offshore: Potential Effects | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals | |
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 4. Offshore: Monitoring and Mitigation | Perrow, M. | Book | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Collision, Noise | Bats, Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning | |
Future environmental scenarios for offshore wind expansion | Still, D.; Pacitto, S.; Miller, M.; et al. | Report | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals | |
Primary vs grey: A critical evaluation of literature sources used to assess the impacts of offshore wind farms | Szostek, C.; Edwards-Jones, A.; Beaumont, N.; et al. | Journal Article | Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions | |
Guidance document on wind energy developments and EU nature legislation | European Commission | Guidance | Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind | Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise | Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment |
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