Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Marine Mammals Trace Anthropogenic Structures at Sea Russell, D.; Brasseur, S.; Thompson, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Marine Energy Habitat Change Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes
Assessing Environmental Impacts of Offshore Wind Farms: Lessons Learned and Recommendations for the Future Bailey, H.; Brookes, K.; Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Marine Mammals, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects HT Harvey and Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Terrestrial Mammals
Impacts of Offshore Wind Farm Construction on Harbour Porpoises: Acoustic Monitoring of Echolocation Activity using Porpoise Detectors (T-PODs) Carstensen, J.; Henriksen, O.; Teilmann, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Negative Long Term Effects on Harbour Porpoises from a Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm in the Baltic - Evidence of Slow Recovery Teilmann, J.; Carstensen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Enabling Renewable Energy While Protecting Wildlife: An Ecological Risk-Based Approach to Wind Energy Development Using Ecosystem-Based Management Values Copping, A.; Gorton, A.; May, R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement
Porpoises North of Sprogø Before, During and After Construction of an Offshore Wind Farm Tougaard, J.; Carstensen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals
Scroby Sands Seal Monitoring: Analysis of the 2005 Post-Construction Aerial Surveys Skeate, E.; Perrow, M. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Burbo Offshore Wind Farm Volume 2: ES Biological Environment The University of Liverpool Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish
Summary on Seal Monitoring 1999-2005 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms Teilmann, J.; Tougaard, J.; Carstensen, J.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals
Summary on Harbour Porpoise Monitoring 1999-2006 around Nysted and Horns Rev Offshore Wind Farms Teilmann, J.; Tougaard, J.; Carstensen, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Habitat Change Marine Mammals
Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Testing and validation of automated whistle and click detectors using PAMGUARD 1.0 Yack, T.; Barlow, J.; Rankin, S.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals
Atlantic Deepwater Ecosystem Observatory Network (ADEON): An Integrated System for Long-Term Monitoring of Ecological and Human Factors on the Outer Continental Shelf Miksis-Olds, J.; Martin, B.; Warren, J.; et al. Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Conservation Organizations Comments on June 21, 2021 OSW Workshop Cullum, L.; Hislop, K.; Aylesworth, S.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Marine Mammals
Commercial Wind Lease and Grant Issuance and Site Assessment Activities on the Pacific Outer Continental Shelf Humboldt Wind Energy Area, California U.S. Department of the Interior ; Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM); BOEM Environmental Studies Program Report Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Environmental Data Catalog for the Morro Bay Wind Energy Area Johnson, C.; Currier, C.; Howar, J.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Environmental Data Catalog for the Humboldt Wind Energy Area Johnson, C.; Currier, C.; Howar, J.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement
Guidance document on wind energy developments and EU nature legislation European Commission Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Mitigating biodiversity impacts associated with solar and wind energy development: guidelines for project developers Bennun, L.; van Bochove, J.; Ng, C.; et al. Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
How can the impacts of an operating wind farm on marine mammals be assessed? Couturier, L.; Curé, C.; Labach, H.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Marine Mammals
Marine Mammals Workgroup Report for the State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy 2020: Cumulative Impacts Southall, B.; Morse, L.; Williams, K.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals
Reef effect of offshore structures on the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises Fernandez-Betelu, O.; Graham, I.; Thompson, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Spatial and temporal analysis of cumulative environmental effects of offshore wind farms in the North Sea basin Gusatu, L.; Menegon, S.; Depellegrin, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Chemicals, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Modeling Wildlife Densities and Habitat Use Across Temporal and Spatial Scales on the Mid-Atlantic Continental Shelf: Annual Report for the First Budget Period Williams, K. Report Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Reptiles, Marine Mammals, Birds
Effects of Marine Windfarms on the Distribution of Fish, Shellfish and Marine Mammals in the Horns Rev Area Hoffmann, E.; Astrup, J.; Larsen, F.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Habitat Change, EMF, Avoidance, Attraction Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms Defingou, M.; Bils, F.; Horchler, B.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
International assessment of priority environmental issues for land-based and offshore wind energy development Green, R.; Gill, E.; Hein, C.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Deepwater Wind Block Island Environmental Assessment and Statement of Findings US Army Corps of Engineers Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Benthic and Epifaunal Monitoring During Wind Turbine Installation and Operation at the Block Island Wind Farm, Rhode Island - Project Report Hutchison, Z.; Bartley, M.; English, P.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
Takes of Marine Mammals Incidental to Specified Activities; Taking Marine Mammals Incidental to Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Offshore wind energy ecological programme (Wozep) Monitoring and research programme 2017-2021 WOZEP project team Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm Final Environmental Assessment Horton, G. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Unravelling the ecological impacts of large-scale offshore wind farms in the Mediterranean Sea Lloret, J.; Turiel, A.; Solé, J.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning, Recreation & Tourism
Weakly Supervised Detection of Marine Animals in High Resolution Aerial Images Berg, P.; Maia, D.; Pham, M.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Fish, Marine Mammals
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations (2021 Revision) Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Offshore Wind Power for Marine Conservation Hammar, L.; Perry, D.; Gullström, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Marine Spatial Planning
Global offshore wind turbine dataset Zhang, T.; Sengupta, D.; Zhang, L.; et al. Journal Article Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning
Cumulative Noise Impacts to Marine Mammals from Offshore Wind Development and Operations Southall, B.; Rosenbaum, H. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change, Noise Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning
Negative long term effects on harbour porpoises from a large scale offshore wind farm in the Baltic—evidence of slow recovery Teilmann, J.; Carstensen, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
Use of Anthropogenic Sea Floor Structures by Australian Fur Seals: Potential Positive Ecological Impacts of Marine Industrial Development? Arnould, J.; Monk, J.; Lerodiaconou, D.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Pinnipeds
Assessment of the Effects of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee (OWEZ) for Harbour Porpoise (comparison T0 and T1) Scheidat, M.; Aarts, G.; Bakker, A.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Habitat Change Marine Mammals
Comparison of Environmental Effects from Different Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations Horwath, S.; Hassrick, J.; Grismala, R.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
The State of the Science on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy Development: Workshop Proceedings Gulka, J.; Williams, K. Workshop Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
State of the Science Workshop on Offshore Wind and Wildlife 2020: Cumulative Impacts New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
SEER Factsheet SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Risk Assessment to Model Encounter Rates between Large Whales and Sea Turtles and Vessel Traffic from Offshore Wind Energy on the Atlantic OCS Barkaszi, M.; Fonseca, M.; Foster, T.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Navigation
Minimizing wildlife impacts for offshore wind energy development: Winning tradeoffs for seabirds in space and cetaceans in time Best, B.; Halpin, P. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans
A field comparison of marine mammal detections via visual, acoustic, and infrared (IR) imaging methods offshore Atlantic Canada Smith, H.; Zitterbart, D.; Norris, T.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles

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