Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Quantifying Raptors’ Flight Behavior to Assess Collision Risk and Avoidance Behavior to Wind Turbines Linder, A.; Lyhne, H.; Laubek, B.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Wind Farms and Power Lines Have Negative Effects on Territory Occupancy in Eurasian Eagle Owls (Bubo bubo) Husby, M.; Pearson, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Noise Birds, Raptors, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy
Measuring and visualizing environmental and social impacts of wind energy projects Pian, A.; Verhoef, J.; De Vries, L.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions
Site wind right: Identifying low-impact wind development areas in the Central United States Hise, C.; Obermeyer, B.; Ahlering, M.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Marine Spatial Planning
Challenging dominant sustainability worldviews on the energy transition: Lessons from Indigenous communities in Mexico and a plea for pluriversal technologies Velasco-Herrejón, P.; Bauwens, T.; Friant, M. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice
Responses of dispersing GPS-tagged Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) to multiple wind farms across Scotland Fielding, A.; Anderson, D.; Benn, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
GPS tracking data can document wind turbine interactions: Evidence from a GPS-tagged Eurasian curlew Jiguet, F.; Schwemmer, P.; Rousseau, P.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Bats, Birds, Shorebirds, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental and seasonal correlates of capercaillie movement traits in a Swedish wind farm Kämmerle, J.; Taubmann, J.; Andrén, H.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Non-territorial GPS-tagged golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos at two Scottish wind farms: Avoidance influenced by preferred habitat distribution, wind speed and blade motion status Fielding, A.; Anderson, D.; Benn, S.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Land-Based Wind Energy Siting: A Foundational and Technical Resource Christol, C.; Oteri, F.; Laurienti, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
U.S. Geological Survey Migratory Bird Science, 2020–21 Pearse, A.; Sherfy, M.; Wimer, M.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Physical Environment
Resource selection of apex raptors: implications for siting energy development in sagebrush and prairie ecosystems Squires, J.; Olson, L.; Wallace, Z.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Raptors
Paint it black: Efficacy of increased wind turbine rotor blade visibility to reduce avian fatalities May, R.; Nygård, T.; Falkdalen, U.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Passerines, Raptors, Waterfowl
Consistent effects of wind turbines on habitat selection of capercaillie across Europe Coppes, J.; Kämmerle, J.; Grunschachner-Berger, V.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Displacement, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Breeding home range movements of pre-fledged brolga chicks, Antigone rubicunda (Gruidae) in Victoria, Australia – Implications for wind farm planning and conservation Cook, S.; Palmer, G.; Hill, R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Human Dimensions, Marine Spatial Planning
The impact of wind energy facilities on grouse: a systematic review Coppes, J.; Braunisch, V.; Bollmann, K.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Estimating Potential Costs of Cumulative Barrier Effects on Migrating Raptors: A Case Study Using Global Positioning System Tracking in Japan Kikuchi, D.; Nakahara, T.; Kitamura, W.; et al. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
Evaluation of Wind‐Energy Survey Protocols for Migrating Eagle Detection Chabot, E.; Slater, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Behavioral accommodation of nesting hawks to wind turbines Watson, J.; Keren, I.; Davies, R. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
The energy landscape predicts flight height and wind turbine collision hazard in three species of large soaring raptor Peron, G.; Fleming, C.; Duriez, O.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Do Terrestrial Animals Avoid Areas Close to Turbines in Functioning Wind Farms in Agricultural Landscapes? Łopucki, R.; Klich, D.; Gielarek, S. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Terrestrial Mammals
Modeling the spatial effects of disturbance: a constructive critique to provide evidence of ecological thresholds Powell, L.; Brown, M.; Smith, A.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds
Impacts of Wind Turbines on the Population and Nest Site Selection of the Montagu’s Harrier in North Frisia Rasran, L.; Thomsen, K. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Behavioural Observations of White-Tailed Sea Eagles in the Vicinity of Wind Turbines Grunkorn, T.; Gippert, M.; Treu, G.; et al. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Calculation of the Probability of a Collision of Territorial Birds of Prey with Wind Turbines Rasran, L.; Grajetzky, B.; Mammen, U. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Framework for Testing the Effectiveness of Bat and Eagle Impact-Reduction Strategies at Wind Energy Projects Sinclair, K.; DeGeorge, E. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
Results and Analysis of Eagle Studies from the Bluff Point and Studland Bay Wind Farms 2002-2012 Hull, C.; Sims, C.; Stark, E.; et al. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Increased Flight Altitudes among Migrating Golden Eagles Suggest Turbine Avoidance at a Rocky Mountain Wind Installation Johnston, N.; Bradley, J.; Otter, K. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance Birds, Raptors
Wind development and wildlife mitigation in Wyoming: a primer Jakle, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Bats, Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Criterion Wind Project Avian Protection Plan Young, D.; Tidhar, D. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Best Management Practices for siting, developing, operating, and monitoring renewable energy in the Intermountain West: A Conservationist's Guide Jones, A. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds, Bats
Griffon Vulture Mortality at Wind Farms in Southern Spain: Distribution of Fatalities and Active Mitigation Measures de Lucas, M.; Ferrer, M.; Bechard, M.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan for the Ocotillo Wind Energy Facility Ocotillo Express Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Keeping the West Wild: Conservation and Rapid Energy Development Fargione, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Habitat Change Birds, Ground-Nesting Birds, Passerines, Environmental Justice, Legal & Policy
Effects of wind farms and food scarcity on a large scavenging bird species following an epidemic of bovine spongiform encephalopathy Martinez-Abrain, A.; Tavecchia, G.; Regan, H.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
Avian, Bat and Habitat Cumulative Impacts Associated with Wind Energy Development in the Columbia Plateau Ecoregion Of Eastern Washington and Oregon 2011 Johnson, G.; Erickson, W. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
Response of Raptors to a Windfarm Garvin, J.; Jennelle, C.; Drake, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
A study of White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla movements and mortality at a wind farm in Norway Nygård, T.; Bevanger, K.; Dahl, E.; et al. Conference Paper Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors
Avoidance Behavior by Prairie Grouse: Implications for Development of Wind Energy Pruett, C.; Patten, M.; Wolfe, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
It's Not Easy Being Green: Wind Energy and a Declining Grassland Bird Pruett, C.; Patten, M.; Wolfe, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Avoidance Ground-Nesting Birds, Birds
Avian and Bat Protection Plan: Iberdrola Renewables Iberdrola Renewables Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, Habitat Change Bats, Birds, Raptors
How Ecofriendly are Wind Farms? Cohn, J. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds, Bats
The Effects of Wind Turbines on Antipredator Behavior in California Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi) Rabin, L.; Coss, R.; Owings, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Noise, Collision, Avoidance Terrestrial Mammals, Raptors, Ecosystem Processes, Birds
A Review of the Impacts of Wind Farms on Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus and an Estimation of Collision Avoidance Rates Whitfield, D.; Madders, M. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Upland Raptors and the Assessment of Wind Farm Impacts Madders, M.; Whitfield, D. Journal Article Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Impacts on Wildlife and Government Responsibilities for Regulating Development and Protecting Wildlife Office, United States Government Accountability Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Habitat Change, Displacement, Collision, Avoidance Legal & Policy, Human Dimensions, Birds, Bats
Developing Methods To Reduce Bird Mortality In The Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area Smallwood, K.; Thelander, C. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement Birds, Raptors
Bird Risk Behaviors and Fatalities at the Altamont Pass Wind Resource Area: Period of Performance: March 1998 - December 2000 Thelander, C.; Smallwood, K.; Rugge, L. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Collision, Avoidance, Attraction Raptors, Birds
Comparison of Avian Responses to UV-Light-Reflective Paint on Wind Turbines Young, D.; Erickson, W.; Strickland, M.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Lighting, Collision, Avoidance Raptors, Birds
Golden Eagles in a Perilous Landscape: Predicting the Effects of Mitigation for Wind Turbine Blade Strike Mortality Hunt, G. Report Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision Birds, Raptors

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