Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base provides access to documents and information about the environmental effects of wind energy, supporting the WREN initiative. Relevant documents from around the world are compiled into a user-friendly table that displays all content available in Tethys. Results can be narrowed using the keyword filters on the right, or with search terms entered in the text box, including targeted searches (e.g., org:DOE, author:copping). Content may also be sorted alphabetically by clicking on column headers. Some entries will appear on the next page.

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Title Author Date Content Type Technology Stressor Receptor
Environmental impacts from large-scale offshore renewable-energy deployment Ouro, P.; Fernandez, R.; Armstrong, A.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport
EDEN 2000: Exploring Options For A Nature-Proof Development of Offshore Wind Farms Inside A Natura 2000 Area Degraer, S.; Brabant, R.; Vanaverbeke, J. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Rhyl Flats Offshore Wind Farm Monitoring Statement (Version 1.4) npower renewables Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Environmental Assessment of Offshore Wind Power Generation near Rhode Island: Acoustic and Electromagnetic Effects on Marine Animals Miller, J.; Potty, G.; Raposa, K.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Effects of Marine Windfarms on the Distribution of Fish, Shellfish and Marine Mammals in the Horns Rev Area Hoffmann, E.; Astrup, J.; Larsen, F.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Noise, Habitat Change, EMF, Avoidance, Attraction Pinnipeds, Marine Mammals, Invertebrates, Fish
PHAROS4MPAs: A Review of Solutions to Avoid and Mitigate Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms Defingou, M.; Bils, F.; Horchler, B.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Safeguarding Marine Protected Areas in the Growing Mediterranean Blue Economy: Recommendations for the Offshore Wind Energy Sector WWF France Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Lighting, Noise Birds, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Wildlife and Wind Farms - Conflicts and Solutions, Volume 3. Offshore: Potential Effects Perrow, M. Book Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Existing Conditions and Potential Environmental Effects HT Harvey and Associates Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Physical Environment, Fish, Marine Mammals, Terrestrial Mammals
FLOATGEN floating wind turbine environmental monitoring report, SEM-REV test site Reynaud, M.; Le Bouhris, E.; Soulard, T.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
Potential impacts of submarine power cables from marine renewable energy projects on benthic communities Taormina, B. Thesis Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Ecosystem Processes, Physical Environment, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental impacts of offshore wind installation, operation and maintenance, and decommissioning activities: A case study of Brazil Hernández Carrascal, O.; Shadman, M.; Amiri, M.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
An Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Extracting Marine Renewable Energy in the Coastal Environment of the Black Sea Zburlea, L.; Rusu, E. Journal Article Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
Potential environmental effects of deepwater floating offshore wind energy facilities Farr, H.; Ruttenberg, B.; Walter, R.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Physical Environment, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
COWRIE 1.5 The Potential Effects of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Sub-Sea Power Cables Associated with Offshore Wind Farm Developments on Electrically and Magnetically Sensitive Marine Organisms - A Review Gill, A.; Gloyne-Philips, I.; Neal, K.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental Impact Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment for a Deep Water Floating Offshore Wind Turbine on the Brazilian Continental Shelf de Paula, L.; Carmo, B. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Life Cycle Assessment
Environmental impact of renewable energy source based electrical power plants: Solar, wind, hydroelectric, biomass, geothermal, tidal, ocean, and osmotic Rahman, A.; Farrok, O.; Haque, M. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions
South Fork Wind Farm and South Fork Export Cable Project Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Wind Energy EMF Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Terrestrial Mammals, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment
Literature Review on Barrier Effects, Ghost Fishing, and Electromagnetic Fields for Floating Windfarms Williamson, L. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Displacement, EMF, Entanglement Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
European offshore renewable energy, towards a sustainable future Soukissian, T.; O’Hagan, A-M.; Azzellino, A.; et al. Report Marine Energy, Ocean Current, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Legal & Policy, Social & Economic Data
Floating Offshore Wind: Environmental Interactions Roadmap: Public Summary Report ORE Catapult; Xodus Group Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Navigation
Ecosystem Benefits of Floating Offshore Wind Haberlin, D.; Cohuo, A.; Doyle, T. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Civil Engineering Aspects of a Wind Farm and Wind Turbine Structures Bhattacharya, S. Book Chapter Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Powering Healthy Seas: Accelerating Nature Positive Offshore Wind Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
How can the impacts of an operating wind farm on marine mammals be assessed? Couturier, L.; Curé, C.; Labach, H.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Marine Mammals
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of Offshore Wind and Marine Renewable Energy in Northern Ireland Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Passerines, Seabirds, Waterfowl, Fish, Demersal Fish, Pelagic Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Physical Environment, Sediment Transport, Water Quality, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Climate Change, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Legal & Policy, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Stakeholder Engagement, Visual Impacts
Guidance document on wind energy developments and EU nature legislation European Commission Guidance Wind Energy, Land-Based Wind, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment
A critical review on environmental impacts of renewable energy systems and mitigation strategies: Wind, hydro, biomass and geothermal Sayad, E. ; Wilberforce, T.; Elsaid, K.; et al. Journal Article Marine Energy, Wind Energy Attraction, Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Ecosystem Processes, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions
Draft Preliminary Environmental Assessment: Vandenberg Offshore Wind Energy Projects California State Lands Commission Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Changes in Flow, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Environmental Impact Assessment, Fisheries, Visual Impacts
State of the Science Workshop on Offshore Wind and Wildlife 2020: Cumulative Impacts New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) Presentation Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Changes in Flow, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles
Guidelines For Environmental Impact Studies On Marine Biodiversity For Offshore Windfarm Projects In The Baltic Sea Region Baltic Environmental Forum – Latvia Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
South Fork Wind Farm Construction and Operations Plan Ørsted; Eversource Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
Biological Effects of Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields from 0 to 100 MHz on Fauna and Flora: Workshop Report Pophof, B.; Henschenmacher, B.; Kattnig, D.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy EMF Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Sunrise Wind COP Appendix J1: Offshore EMF Assessment Exponent Engineering P.C. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind EMF Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles
Environmental Sensitivity and Associated Risk to Habitats and Species Offshore Central California and Hawaii from Offshore Floating Wind Technologies Morandi, A.; Berkman, S.; Rowe, J.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Offshore Wind Priority Conflict Topics for Marine Mammals and Birds Courbis, S.; Pacini, A.; Williams, K.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind EMF, Habitat Change Birds, Seabirds, Shorebirds, Marine Mammals, Cetaceans, Pinnipeds
Maryland Offshore Wind Project: Offshore Electric and Magnetic Field Assessment Exponent Inc. Report Wind Energy EMF Fish, Marine Mammals
National Environmental Policy Act Documentation for Impact-Producing Factors in the Offshore Wind Cumulative Impacts Scenario on the South Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) Report Marine Energy, Tidal, Wave, Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Lighting, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles, Human Dimensions, Environmental Justice, Fisheries, Navigation, Recreation & Tourism, Social & Economic Data, Visual Impacts
Making eco-sustainable floating offshore wind farms: Siting, mitigations, and compensations Danovaro, R.; Bianchelli, S.; Brambilla, P.; et al. Journal Article Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Human Dimensions, Fisheries
Using Available Data and Information to Identify Offshore Wind Energy Areas Off the California Coast [2024] Rockwood, R.; Salas, L.; Howar, J.; et al. Report Wind Energy Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals, Reptiles, Human Dimensions, Fisheries, Marine Spatial Planning
Future environmental scenarios for offshore wind expansion Still, D.; Pacitto, S.; Miller, M.; et al. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Chemicals, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
SEER Factsheet SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles, Sea Turtles
The Potential Environmental Impacts of Floating Offshore Wind in California California Ocean Science Trust Report Wind Energy, Floating Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Seabirds, Ecosystem Processes, Fish, Marine Mammals
Collaboration for Environmental Mitigation and Nature Inclusive Design (CEMNID) Xodus Group; The Rich North Sea - De Rijke Noordzee Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Collision, Displacement, EMF, Noise Birds, Fish, Marine Mammals
Environmental effect studies – Status more than two years after the erection of Horns Rev and Nysted Offshore Wind Farms Boesen, C.; Andersen, S. Report Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, EMF, Habitat Change, Noise Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals
Environmental Effects of U.S. Offshore Wind Energy Development: Compilation of Educational Research Briefs SEER Summary Wind Energy, Fixed Offshore Wind, Floating Offshore Wind Attraction, Avoidance, Collision, Displacement, EMF, Entanglement, Habitat Change, Noise Bats, Birds, Fish, Invertebrates, Marine Mammals, Physical Environment, Reptiles

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